COCHINCHINA
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NAMARCEL BERNANOISE1
French Indochina kana Indochinese Union inosanganisira nyika shanu: Tonkin, Annam [An], Cochinchina, Kambodhiya, uye Laos.
Cochinchina, French koloni - nepo dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States dzichi dzivirirwa- dzinoumba chikamu chekumaodzanyemba chenhaka yedu yeExtreme Asia, ichifukidza 56,965 km2 yeiyo 720,000 km2 yenzvimbo yakazara yeIndochina, ine vagari zviuru mazana matatu, kubva pamamiriyoni 3,800,000 ehuwandu hwayo.
Cochinchina, yakasungirirwa kuchamhembe neCambodia neAnnam, uye kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba negungwa, inoumbwa nebonde rekumaodzanyemba nedziva reiyo Mekong Rwizi, bani rakakura kwazvo rakajeka rakatarisana nerumwe rutivi nechekupedzisira tsoka dzeCambodia dzinomaka Ha Tien [Hà Tiên] Chikomo (Nui Sam, 215mand the Island of Phu Quoc [Phu Quoc], uye pane imwe nepamhepo yekumaodzanyemba kweAnnamite ketani inopera pa Nui Ba Den [Núi Bà Đen], kana Tay Ninh [Tay Ninh] Gomo (966m), kugomo re Ba Ria [Bà Rịa] (850m) uye kuzvitsuwa zveCape St. Jacques.
The Mekong [Mê Kông] (4,200? km) haina kuvharika asi inoyerera zvakasununguka, ruoko rwechokwadi rwegungwa, rwakasunganidzwa nekutenderera kweguruva rinogara riri munyika inoyerera gore rimwe nerimwe, uku ichiramba ichiwedzerwa nekusingaperi kuburikidza nenyika dzakabatwa nemafungu ayo sezvo gungwa richirovera rakananga kumahombekombe .
Hunhu hukuru hwemamiriro ekunze ndekwekuti inoenderana neremooon, ichitaridza mwaka miviri yakajeka chaizvo: mwaka yekunaya kubva muna Kubvumbi kusvika Mbudzi uye mwaka wevhuvhuvhuvhuvhu kubva kunaZvita kusvika munaKurume. Pasinei neizvi monsoons, mamiriro ekunze akafanana: tembiricha inotangira pamakumi maviri nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu kubva kune mumwe mugumo wegore kusvika kune rinotevera.
Nzvimbo Cochinchina - mharadzano yemigwagwa yakawanda inotungamira kuyananiswa kwevanhu vakasiyana - yavo yakapfuura yekupinda kunouya kubva kumativi ese uye nekuteedzana mabasa - tsanangura kuberekana kwemadzinza uye dzakasiyana siyana dzevagari.
Zvisinei, the Annamite ichiri nhangemutange yeakanyanya87,5%(...). Zvino, panguva yehondo dzemukati, France yakaonekwa, mukati 1788, kusimbisa Nguyen [Nguyen] wedzinza ndiMambo Gia Murefu [Gia Murefu]. Kuti vatsive kuurayiwa kwemamishinari maviri eSpain, uye kutapudza Thu Duc [Thu Duc], ngarava yakasanganiswa yeFranco-Spanish yaifanira kubata maTrains kune rumwe ruoko, uye Saigon kune imwe (18 February 1859).
Pashure pazvo, France yakanamatira matunhu ekumabvazuva (Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Tho wangu, [Gia Định, Biên Hoà, Mỹ Tho] 1862Kumatunhu ekumadokero (Vinh Long, Chau Doc, Ha Tien, [Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên] 1863).
Administrative Sangano
Vatongi vekutanga veCochin-China vaive vadzvanyiriri vakadzika hwaro hwekuchengetedza hurongwa, pasi pekutungamira kwevaongorori venyaya dzenhabvu, vekunyika vane mukurumbira nenzvimbo yavo. Phu [phủ], huyen [huyện], Chief uye Mutevedzeri Musoro weCanton, uye zvinyorwa zvemumusha. In 1879 magavhuna eruzhinji akatsiva vadaviri, kutanga pasi pezita remutungamiriri wezvemutemo, ndokuzotevera pasi pezita remubati weCochin-China.
Gavhuna anoiswa pasi pesimba rakakwirira raGavhuna - General weIndochina, mumiriri weFrance Republic.
Hurumende ye Cochinchina, pamwe nemadhipatimendi makuru ebasa revashandi, ari mukati Saigon [Saigon], guta guru re Cochinchina. Midzi, iyo iri hwaro hwesangano rekutungamira, inotungamirwa nevanyori vanofambisa bhajeti remasipala.
Midzi yakamisikidzwa mumukokoni inofambiswa naMambo uye Mutevedzeri Musoro we Canton. Iyo makatoni akarongwa kuti aumbe dunhu, aine musoro wayo mutungamiriri, mukuru wedunhu, uye mumiriri wemubati wegavhu Cochinchina. Mamwe macanton anokosha akarongeka mumatunhu anotonga anofambiswa nawo Doc Phu [Đốc Phủ], Quan Phu [Quận Phủ], Quan Huyen [Quận Huyện], kana kunyange vashandi vehurumende vekuFrance. Matunhu ekutonga akabatanidzwa mudunhu. Ruzhinji mabasa anomiririrwa mumapurovhinzi akasiyana-siyana: post, mabasa eruzhinji, tsika, sango shumiro, dzidzo, rubatsiro rwekurapwa, pamwe nePfuma.
Hupfumi hweCochinchina
Kubva paruzivo rwunopihwa nehuwandu, huwandu hwani hwakaringana kumisa simba rehupfumi uye rezvemari re Cochinchina zvine hukama nenyika dzenyika dzeMubatanidzwa: Cochinchina inomiririra makumi manomwe neshanu muzana ezere Indochinese special trad.
Kupfuma kwe Cochinchina imhaka yevhu, iri nyore kubata, rine simba rekubereka uye goho repamusoro, asi richingobvumira goho rimwe pagore (nepo Tonkin neNorthern Annam vaine zvirimwa zviviri pagore).
Kurimwa kwemupunga kunokunda vamwe vese: matunhu gumi nemashanu kubva pamakumi maviri nemaviri haana zvimwe zviwanikwa. (Cochinchina inopa 8/10 zvekutengeswa kwemupunga kubva kuFrance Indochina, unosvika mamirioni maviri).
Zvimwe zvirimwa munzvimbo dzino dzakaderera ndeaya echibage, soya, mbatatisi, nzimbe, nzungu, coconut (kugadzira mafuta ekokonati), izvo zvirimwa zvemubhadharo zviri kuwedzera gore rega rega mumatunhu e Gia Dinh [Gia Định] uye My Tho [Mỹ Tho]. Mapurovhinzi ekumabvazuva, ayo akakwira uye aine matanda, aine nyika dzvuku kana grey dzakanakira kurimwa kwehevea, muti werabha unogadzirwa unopfuura matani zviuru zvitatu pagore.
Munzvimbo idzi dzakakwirira, padyo nesango masango (bamboos muThu Dau Mot [Thủ Đầu Một] uye Tay Ninh [Tây Ninh], uye iro dondo rakakura riri Bien Hoa [Biên Hoà]), pane zvirimwa zvinonakidza senge muti wekofi uye muti we lacquer.
Varimi vakanaka kwazvo, vanoshanda, vanoshivirira uye vanoshanda nesimba, maAnnamite anowanzoita kurimwa kwevhu zvinoenderana netsika yemireniyumu. Iyo ndiyo nyati, inova kunaka uye pamusoro penyika yese, iri kurima mhuka yemupunga.
Asi hutongi hweFrance hwaida kuita kuti vagari veko vabatsirwe kubva kune dzakasarudzika uye dzazvino nzira dzekutsvagisa kwesainzi nekugadzira zvikoro zvekurima, kirabhu yekusarudza mupunga muSaigon, minda yekuyedza neminda yembeu (Can Tho [Cần Thơ], Soc Trang [Sóc Trăng], uye Ong Yem).
Iyo kurima iri kupararira zuva nezuva: matirakita anoshandiswa kurima, pamwe nekuomesa.
Indasitiri huru ye Cochinchina igayo yemupunga inoshandisa mashandiro ekubvisa zviyo paddy kuwana mupunga. Minda mikuru yemupunga inoshanda pa Cho Lon [Chợ Lớn], guta reChina riri pamakiromita matanhatu kubva ku Saigon [Saigon]. Asi mazuva ano mamwe mamiririta emupunga, akakosha, akasimbiswa kwese kwese Cochinchina.
Mamwe maindasitiri anosanganisira girazi rinogadzirwa kubva kumafuta em kopira, mapfunde eshuga, zvigayo zvidhinha, masimuni, madhiragi, uye masuki Nzira inoyemurika uye rwizi network inoshanda Cochinchina kumatunhu ari kure kwazvo.
Migwagwa yakafukidzwa nemotokari dzisingaverengeki, ngoro dzemombe, ngoro dzinokwezvwa nemabhiza, ngoro mbiri-makumbo, kusunda-kudhonza, kufambira mberi kwevanofamba netsoka, kazhinji kutakura mitoro, kunoiswa mumigwagwa yekoloni, migwagwa yematunhu, uye migwagwa inowanikwa. Migwagwa yekoloni yekufarira yakajairika ndiyo inonyanya kukosha: N.1 kana Mandarin mugwagwa kubva kumuganhu weSiamu kuenda kuna Nam Quan [Nam Quan] Border Gedhi (Battambang a Dong Dang [Đồng Đăng]); mugwagwa N. 15 kubva kuSaigon kuenda kuCape St. Jacques; mugwagwa N. 16, kubva Saigon [Saigon] Ca Mau [Cà Mau].
BAN TU THU
12 / 2019
CHERECHEDZA:
1: Marcel Georges Bernanoise (1884-1952) - Painter, akaberekerwa muValenciennes - dunhu rekuchamhembe kweFrance. Pfupiso yehupenyu nebasa:
+ 1905-1920: Kushanda muIndochina uye mutariri webasa kunaGavhuna weIndochina;
+ 1910: Mudzidzisi kuFar East Chikoro cheFrance;
+ 1913: Kudzidzira hunyanzvi hwendudzi uye kuburitsa huwandu hwezvinyorwa zveunyanzvi;
+ 1920: Akadzokera kuFrance akaronga kuratidzira kwehunyanzvi muNancy (1928), Paris (1929) - mifananidzo yepanyika nezveLorraine, Pyrenees, Paris, Midi, Villefranche-sur-mer, Saint-Tropez, Ytalia, pamwe nezvimwe zviyeuchidzo. kubva kuFar East;
+ 1922: Kuburitsa mabhuku pamusoro peKushongedza Kwehunyanzvi muTonkin, Indochina;
+ 1925: Won mubairo mukuru paColonial Exhibition muMarseille, uye akabatana nemugadziri wePavillon de l'Indochine kugadzira seti yezvinhu zvemukati;
+ 1952: Anofa aine makore makumi masere nemasere uye anosiya huwandu hukuru hwepende nemifananidzo;
+ 2017: Musangano wake wokupenda wakatanga kubudiswa nevazukuru vake.
◊ Kunobva: LA COCHINCHINE - Marcel Bernanoise - Hong Duc [Hong Duc] Vaparidzi, Hanoi, 2018.
◊ Akashinga uye akatsanangura mazwi eVietnamese akaiswa mukati memakotesheni mavara - akaiswa naBan Tu Thu.
ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Chikamu 1
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Chikamu 2
◊ SAIGON - La Cochinchine
◊ BIEN HOA - La Cochinchine
◊ THU DAU MOT - La Cochinchine