TECHNIQUE ye ANNAMESE VANHU - Kuzivisa seti yemagwaro - Chikamu 2
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HUNG NGUYEN MANH
Batanidza Profesa, Chiremba weNhoroondo
Nick zita: Bhiza rekutakura mumusha weyunivhesiti
Peni zita: ngoko
… Ramba uchienderera mberi…
2.1 Mazita ekurudyi emunyori webasa & Mafomu ayo ekuburitsa
2.1.1 Iri ibhuku rekutsvagura rakanzi: "Tekinoroji yeVanhu veAnnamese by Henri Oger" inosanganisira zvinyorwa zvakaunganidzwa kuMidland yeNorth Vietnam, kunyanya mukati Hanoi mumakore 1908-1909.
2.1.2 Basa rese rakaonekwa pasi pemafomu maviri ekuburitsa:
a. Seti yemabhuku ane musoro "Nhanganyaya Kuzivisa Kwekudzidza kweTekiniki yeVanhu veAnnamese" (1) - Chinyorwa cheupenyu hwezvinhu, hunyanzvi uye maindasitiri evanhu veAnnam.
b. Iyo albhamu ine zvinopfuura zviuru zvina mazana mana mapuroni ekupenda, ane zvakare zita “Ruzivo rweAnnamese” (2) iyo Henri Oger anodana: "Iyo Encyclopaedia yezviridzwa zvese, zvishandiso, uye zvese zvinoitwa muhupenyu nehunyanzvi hweTonkinese Annamese".
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(1HENRI OGER - Sumo yakajairwa kuChidzidzo cheTekiniki yevaAnnamese vanhu - Chinyorwa paupenyu hwezvinhu, hunyanzvi nemaindasitiri evanhu veAnnam - Geuthner, Raibhurari neMupepeti.
(2) HENRI OGER - Nzira yevaAnnamese vanhu - An Encyclopedia yezvose zviridzwa, midziyo, nezviratidzo zvese muhupenyu nehunyanzvi hwevanhu veTonquinese-Annamese - Bepanhau reDaily reFrench Indochina -114 Jules Ferry St. - Hanoi.
Firi. 15: General sumo yekudzidza kweCHIDZIDZO CHEVANHU VANONESESA - Chinyorwa pane zvinhu, hunyanzvi uye maindasitiri evanhu vekutsoropodzwa naHENRI OGER
2.2 Zvinyorwa maererano neseti yemabhuku ane musoro “KUSANGANA KWAZVO NEZVOKUDZIDZA KWEMAOKO YAVANHU VANOSHESA ”(fig. 15)
2.2.1 Iyi seti yemabhuku akanyorwa muchiFrench naOger uye akaburitswa muParis mumakopi mazana maviri. Imwe neimwe yadzo ine mapeji 200 (Oger akaita chikanganiso mukufungidzira sezvo kuchingova nemapeji gumi nemashanu chete), uye mifananidzo 32. Pakati pemapeji e156, makumi manomwe neshanu acho anobata nenzira dzekushanda, kuratidzira, kutsikisa, hunyanzvi hwemuno uye zviitiko zveupenyu hwezuva nezuva; 79 inobata nemakesi ane chekuita neyakajairika maitiro, echina maitiro, mitambo, (fig) uye matoyi, makumi mana emadhora ane zviri mukati uye zvinorehwa yega yega mahwendefa muAlbum uye Zvese Zvirimo.
Muonde. 16: TIGER AKABATA NGURWE (Mutambo wevana wekubata nguruve).
Vana vakamira vachiita mudenderedzwa nemumwe wavo mukati vachiita kunge nguruve,
imwe senge tiger kunze
2.2.2 Muchikamu chekusvitsa hunyanzvi hwemuno - chimwe chikamu chezvakanyanya mukati mebhuku - Henri Oger akatsanangura hunyanzvi hwakawanda hwakaita sebasa re lacquer, embroidery, amai- ve-pearl inlaying, kuveza huni, kugadzira mapepa uye humwe hunyanzvi, inofungidzirwa naOger seyakatangira pamapepa akadai se: Ipapo H. Oger akabata nenhamba dzinoverengeka dze "Maindasitiri emuno" sekuvaka dzimba, zvekufambisa, kuruka machira (fig), zvipfeko, kudhaya, indasitiri yezvokudya, kugadzira mupunga, kugadzira mupunga, kugadzira hove uye kugadzira fodya…
Fig.17: KUSVIRA
2.2.3 Achiita nezvezvigadzirwa zvemuno, H. Oger akateerera uye akachengeta ziso rakatarisa pamunda wehunyanzvi Akanyora chiito chega chega, chiito chega chega, mhando yega yezviridzwa, uye akataura nezvezvinhu, mhando, zvidzidzo, mashandiro, zvigadzirwa, uye kuenzanisa nezvigadzirwa zveJapan, China…. yezvakawanda zvakagadzirwa nemaoko panguva iyoyo kuburikidza nemaonero ake ega ayo aisakwanisa kunzvenga kuzviisa pasi, uye anga asvika pakuwongorora kwakajairika kunoitirwa kushandira nzira yeFrance yekutonga. Ngativerengei mashoma anotevera tsananguro:
a. "Vazhinji vacherechedzi avo vanogara muAnnam vanowanzo nyora mumadigital avo eWirney kuti: maindasitiri ese anoita kunge asipo uye haana basa kuAnnam. Uye vaigaro taura kuti: isu (kureva maFrench) hatifanirwe kurerutsa mipiro yevanogadzira hunyanzvi mukufambiswa kwehupfumi ratiri kuda kupararira muno munyika ”.
b. Oger akacherekedza. “Varimi veVietnam havafanirwe kurarama hupenyu hwakaoma gore rose, pane zvinopesana vanowanzove nemazuva akareba ekuzorora. Mumazuva ekuzorora akadai, varimi vanoungana uye vashande sevashandi vevashandi (fig) uye zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa zvichava zvekuwedzerwa kwemari izvo izvo basa rekudyara mupunga zvavasina kukwanisa kuuya nazvo, kunyanya nerudzi rweIndochinese mupunga ”.
Fig.18: LAKI CHEMA CHEMA CHEMA
c. Ndeipi yesangano revashandi? Sekureva kwaH. Oger: "Rangano rine zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha: vashandi vanoshanda kumba kwemushandirwi, uye uyu mushandirwi anouya kudzimba dzevashandi kuzotora zvigadzirwa zvavo".
d. Mune imwe chitsauko H. Oger akanyora:
"Vietnam inyika inogadzira pendi zhinji, uye pende kuchamhembe kwakachipa. Naizvozvo, zvese zvishandiso zvemazuva ese zvinoshandiswa zvakafukidzwa nejira re pende, izvo zvinodzivirira kubva kune inopisa tembiricha izvo zvinoita kuti zvinyorwa zvematanda zviparadzwe nekukurumidza (fig. Iyo pendi inogadzirwa haina kukwana chete mukushandiswa kwemukati, asi inowanikawo muhukuru hwakawanda kune vatengesi vakuru muCanton kupinza munyika yavo ".
Dhaini.19: LACQUERWARE
e. Kugadzira mafungiro e vietnamese lacquerware panguva iyoyo, Oger anofunga kuti: "Nzira yekudyara yeVietnam haina kusimba uye yakangwara senge yeJapan." VeVietnamese vanongoparadzira pendi yemhando yepamusoro yependi pamusoro pehuni kana bamboo zvinhu, yaimbove yakashambadzirwa zvakanaka, uye shandisa ivhu rakanaka kuturika zvikanganiso, uye nekutengesa zvigadzirwa zve lacquer kuvanhu varombo. Nechikonzero ichocho, zvinhu zvakafukidzwa neiyo pendi yaiwanzo bhururuka uye inonamira ”
f. Kuita nechinyorwa chekushongedza, Oger anofunga kuti iyo vietnamese lacquerer inongoikwereta kubva "Sino-Vietnamese zviratidzo" sekufanana neyemumvura, "ari panzvimbo yake yakawanda zvidzidzo zvinotorwa kubva kuChina izvo zvaakasanganisa zvisingaite". Pakupedzisira, Oger anotenda kuti vietnamese lacquerer haayedze kutsvaga zvinyorwa zvitsva zvekushongedza "Kubva pamadzitateguru kusvika kuvazukuru, ivo vakapa umwe neumwe zvawo zvidzidzo zvakawanda izvo zvakagadziriswa neumwe mugadziri asingazivikanwe munguva yakapfuura nekuraira '"
Mune chimwe chitsauko, tinoona kuti Oger akange akatarisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo nemasaini…
g. "Iyo yekumonera rudzi rwemhando yakapusa yekushandisa. Ichi chimiro chekona chakagadzirwa ne bamboo (fig). Inoiswa pamibhedha miviri yemisasa, uye chidimbu chesiriki chichaiswa mukati mayo. Vanhu vanosunga chidimbu chesiriki netambo diki dzakamonerwa padanda remushenjere. Kana iri yemhando yekumonera, yakave yakadhonzwa pamberi pepepa reannamese, rudzi rwechiedza uye pepa rakajeka. Iyo pateni inoiswa pachigadziko chembambo, uye imwe inotambanudza pamusoro payo jira rakajeka remupunga wemupunga kana chidimbu chesilika. Uchishandisa peni bhurasho, muruki anochinjisa iwo chaiwo iwo maitiro pane chidimbu chesilika. Muchitsauko chekutsvaga chokwadi chinobata nemupendi anogadzira annamese folk-pendi, isu (kureva vaFrench) tichasangana zvakare neiyo nzira ine hunyanzvi iyo inobvumidza munhu kubereka nekusingaperi ”.
Muonde. 20: EMBROIDERY FRAME
h."Basa romucheki (fig) inoda zvakanyanya kushanda uye kungochema uye kugona kupfuura kungwara. Nechikonzero ichocho kazhinji anoshandira majaya kana vakadzi, uye dzimwe nguva vana kuti vaite basa. Basa rinofanira kuitwa nderekugadzira zvakare dhizaini ine tambo dzakasiyana dzakasiyana. Muruki anogara kumberi kwefuremu, makumbo akatwasanudzwa pasi payo. Anobata tsono yakatwasuka pamusoro pechidimbu chesiriki uye anodhonza zvine simba shinda isingatenderi mavara. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuchengetedza micheka iri muchimiro chakanaka uye inogara. Padivi pake pane mwenje, sezvo achifanira kushanda masikati neusiku kusangana nemirairo yakawanda.
Mufananidzo.21: ANE EMBROIDERER
Mwenje uyu (fig) inoumbwa ne2-cent inkpot izere nemafuta, iine pakati nepakati tambo. Muchengeti wemuVietnam anoshanda pasi pechiedza chinopenya icho chinoputa uye chinonhuwa. Nechikonzero ichocho, zviri nyore kuona kuti isu hatiwane chero chekare vanhu vachishanda sevanosona - sevanhu vakura vanowanzotorwa kunoshanda mune mamwe mabasa evaVietnamese vanhu.
Mufananidzo.22: A LAMP (yakagadzirwa nein-poto, mutengo: 2cents)
2.3 Nezve album "TECHNIQUE YEMAONAMESE (Vietnamese) VANHU" (Fig. 23)
2.3.1 Statistical basa rine chekuita nemifananidzo uye nenzvimbo dzavanochengeterwa
a. Iyi seti yemateti ayo maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwedu ane zviuru makumi mana nenomwe zvevanhu1), 2529 pakati pavo kubata nemurume uye chimiro, uye 1049 pakati peizvi 2529 pendi dzinoratidza zviso zvevakadzi; kana vari vakasara 2048 pendi, ivo kubereka zvakare maturusi uye zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.
b. Iyo seti yakachengetwa paHanoi National Library ine mavhoriyamu manomwe asina kunyatsosungwa uye akatakura kodhi nhamba HG7 - yaimbova seti iyi yaichengetwa pasi pekodhi nhamba G18 yeHanoi Central Library - Raibhurari iyi yakaitwa microfilmed muna Kubvumbi 5, pasi kodhi nhamba SN / 1979 nehurefu hwe 805 metres 40 masentimita.
Fig.23: DZIDZISO YEMUNYAMESE (Vietnamese) Vanhu naHenri OGER
- Encyclopaedia yezvose zviridzwa, midziyo, uye zviito muhupenyu nemhizha dzeTonkinese Annamese People
Imwe seti inochengetwa senzvimbo dzekuchengetera kuGeneral Sayenzi Raibhurari yeguta reHo Chi Minh - raibhurari yaive pakutanga iri chikamu cheHofisi yeFrance raResident Superior raibhurari - pasi pekodhi nhamba 10511 - iyi seti yaive yakafemerwa microfil kechipiri muna 1975, uye yakasungwa kuita mavhoriyamu maviri.
Pakutanga, iyi seti imwechete yaisanganisira panguva iyoyo yegumi mavhoriyamu, yaive yakaumbiridzwa microfilmed neArcheology Institute pasi pekodhi nhamba VAPNHY musi waMay 10, 24 (2) kuAlfa Film Enterprise muyaimbova Saigon. Zvisinei, iyi microfilm haina peji 94 uye ine peji 95 yakapetwa (nekuda kwekuremara kwehunyanzvi).
c. Kune zvakare vhoriyamu isinganzwisisike yemapeji 120 akasungwa, akachengetwa pasi penhamba yekodhi HE 18a, iyo yakaiswa microfilmed pasi penhamba yekodhi SN / 495 iine urefu hwe5m5, uye inotakura chisimbiso cheIndochina Central Library pane imwe inogona ona nhamba 17924.
- Iyi ndiyo seti inochengetwa senge dura kuHanoi National Library. Chakakodzera kutariswa ndechekuti mukona yekurudyi peji rekutanga, inoratidza kuzvitsaurira naH Oger pacharo ruoko, achikumikidza bhuku kuna Gavhuna General Albert Sarraut iro rinoti:
“Neruremekedzo ndakapa kuna Gavhuna General Albert Sarraut kuti ndibhadhare chikwereti changu chekutenda kwako kwakanaka kwemaonero eVanoita basa rangu rekuona. (3). Guta reVinh, Kurume…, 1912. Henri Oger ”
d. Hatina mukana wekuziva nezvazvo kubva kune zvimwe zviwanikwa, kunyanya muParis, asi, muguta guru reFrance, Muzvinafundo Pierre Huard (4) ave aine zvinotsigira seinotevera:
"Iri basa rakaburitswa muVietnam rakanga risati rateedzera chero maratidziro edziviriro, saka, hapana kana kopi imwe yakaiswa kuNational Library muParis. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekunzwisisa kune mutsa kwevakuru veVietnamese (veaimbove Saigon), ini ndine kopi kopi kubva kopi huru pasi pekodhi nhamba 10511 yeLaibhurari yeCochinchinese Resident Superior's Office.
"École Française d'Extrême-Orient" zvakare ine kopi yekutenda nerubatsiro rwe Photographies Service- Central Dhipatimendi reMagwaro ane chekuita neNational Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) "
Basa raH .Oger rave rakavezwa huni uye ratora matipi emapuranga madiki ayo anozopurindwa papepa rakakura remupunga. (65x 42cm); mapeji ayo mazana manomwe akarongedzwa zvisina hurongwa uye zvisina kurongeka, peji rega rega rine anenge matanhatu ekupenda, mamwe acho akaverengerwa nemamanani echiRoma, achiperekedzwa nengano mumavara echiChinese, asi ese akarongeka zvisina kurongeka. Huwandu hwemakopi akaburitswa hwakaganhurirwa zvakanyanya: maseti gumi nemashanu chete uye vhoriyamu imwe isinganzwisisike. Seti yega yega yakasungirirwa mu15, 7, kana gumi fascicles. Parizvino, pane maseti maviri chete uye vhoriyamu isinganzwisisike muVietnam (5).
2.3.2 Kugadziriswa kwemapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvidzidzo (Maererano naH .Oger)
a. Mune ino rwiyo, Henri Oger akange akapatsanura zvidzidzo zvacho mumapoka mana makuru ezvidzidzo: matatu ekutanga ndiwo maindasitiri matatu (hupenyu hwepamoyo), uye iyo yekupedzisira hupenyu hwakavanzika uye hweveruzhinji (Hupenyu hwemweya).
1. Iyo indasitiri inodhira zvinhu kubva kune zvakasikwa.
2. Iyo indasitiri inogadzira zvinhu zvinobva pane zvakasikwa.
3. Iyo indasitiri iyo inoshandisa zvinoshandiswa zvakagadzirirwa.
4. Zvakajairika uye zvega hupenyu.
d. Nezve iyo indasitiri yekudhira zvinhu kubva kune zvakasikwa, Oger akange awana uye akaunganidza 261 sketches (6) ndokuenderera mberi nekuvaganhurira mumapoka mashanu madiki, kuburikidza neicho kurima kune huwandu hukuru hwematehwe, ndokuzouya mamwe matunhu akadai sekufambisa, kukohwa nekutanha, kuvhima (fig), kubata kwehove.
Fig.24
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(1) Takabvisa kopi dzakapetwa uye idzo dzinoratidza zviridzwa zvidiki zvakanyanya zvisingakwanisi kunyatsozivikanwa.
(2) a. Takadzidza kuti Mr. Phan Huy Thúy, anotsvaga tsika uye aimbove mukuru-mukuru kuArchaeological Institute, akacherekedza nezveketi idzodzo uye akatumira microfilm kuUnited States. (munenge 1972) kuti ive yakagadziridzwa kuita mamwe makopi akati wandei. Asi, sezvo mutengo waive wakanyanya, chinangwa chake chekutumira makopi akadaro kuzvikoro zvese zvehunyanzvi uye zvikoro zvehunyanzvi hazvina kuzadzikiswa. Gare gare, Iyo Vạn Hạnh University yakange yashandisa iyo microfilm kukura kuva mapikicha madiki ekutumira kune nyanzvi mukati nekunze. Muongorori Nguyễn Đôn anga achitaurirana neiyi microfilm pakutanga.
b. MuParis, vanozivikanwa vanoongorora vakaita saMessrs. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Nguyễn Trần Huân, naPierre Huard zvimwe vakave neane microfilm yakambotaurwa.
(3) Monsieur le Gouverneur Général Sarraut en hommage respectueux pour le bienveillant intérêt qu'il veut bien apporter to a mesétudes.Vinh le… Mars 1912. Henri Oger.
(4) PIERRE HUARD: A French Orientalist, munyori-anoshanda pamwe neOrientalist Maurice Durand yebasa rinozivikanwa zita rakapihwa "Kudzidza nezveVietnam (Connaissance du Vietnam)", rakabudiswa muna 1954 muHanoi. PIERRE HUARD - The pionnier de la technologie vietnamienne (Piyona mu vietnamese tekinoroji) - Henri Oger - BEFEO - TL VII 1970, mapeji 215,217.
(5) Isu takabatana neaya maviri seti kumaraibhurari maviri makuru: Iyo Hanoi National Library (muna 1985) uye Saigon National Library (muna 1962). Iyi yekupedzisira kuseta ichiri kuchengetwa seyekuchengetera kuGeneral Sayenzi Library mu Ho Chi Minh guta (Tazviona zvakare muna 1984).
(6) Idzi nhamba dzakawanikwa kuburikidza neveduwo manhamba.
ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
◊ TECHNIQUE yeVANINAMESE VANHU - Chikamu 1: Aya seti emagwaro akawanikwa uye akatumidzwa zita?
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019