Iyo Nyika Tsvene yeVietnam Zvidzidzo

INTERNET yezvinhu ZVIVIETNAM DZIDZO

anokdu-vongong-lac-long-quan-holylandvietnamstudies.com
VANHU 

AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, makore 78)

3957 Views

Hits: 514

     AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, 78 makore) aive mambo uye iye ega mutongi we umambo hwa ạu Lạc, dzekare dzekare nyika yakanangana ne Red River Delta. Semutungamiri we Ệu Việt madzinza, akakunda wekupedzisira Hùng mambo ye mamiriro eVăn Lang uye yakabatanidza vanhu vayo - vanozivikanwa se Lac Vietnam - nevanhu vake iyo Âu Việt. An Dương Vương akatiza uye akazviuraya mushure mehondo ne Nanyue mauto muna 179 BCE.

Biography

mavambo

       Tzvirevo zvemufananidzo uyu "cloudy”Sezvo iro chete ruzivo rwunopihwa nemaakaundi akanyorwa izita rake, rinoita serinomusanganisa ne nyika yekare yeShu mune izvozvi Sichuan, rakakundwa na Qin youmambo muna 316 BCE.1,2 Aya aivewo maonero echinyakare e Chinese uye Vanyori venhau veVietnamese. Nekudaro, kune mamwe matambudziko anowanikwa mukugamuchira iyi yechinyakare maonero.3 Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinosanganisira Zvinyorwa zveAuter Territories mudunhu reJiao,4 Ệi Việt sử lược, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư akataura kuti aive Shu muchinda (ms. "蜀 王 子", zvinoreva kuti: "mwanakomana wamambo weShu"), Asi ivo havana kukwanisa kutsanangura chaizvo kwaakabva. Gare gare vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakave nemaonero akasarudzika. In Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, vanyori vakaratidza kusahadzika pamusoro KwaMambo An Dương Vương kwakatangira, ichiti hazvigoneke kune a Shu muchinda kuyambuka zviuru zvemakiromita, kuburikidza nemasango, mazhinji matunhu kunopinda nechisimba Văn Lang.5 Muna 1963, tsika yemuromo ye Tày vanhu in Yakareba se rakanzi "Cẩu chủa cheng vùa”Yakanyorwa. 1,6 Zvinoenderana neiyi nhoroondo, pakupera kwe Hồng Bàng dzinza, pakanga pane umambo hwakadanwa Nam Cương (lit. "kumaodzanyemba muganho") Muzuva ranhasi Yakareba se uye Guangxi.1 Yaive nematunhu gumi, maigara Mambo munzvimbo yepakati (yanhasi Cao Bằng ProvinceMamwe matunhu mapfumbamwe aive pasi pekutonga kwemadzishe mapfumbamwe.7 apo Baba vaMambo An Dương Vương (Thục Chế Died 制) akafa, achiri mwana; zvakadaro, kungwara kwake kwakamugonesa kuchengetedza chigaro uye madzishe ese akazvipira. Nam Cương yakawedzera kuwedzera simba uku Văn Lang kupera simba.1,6 Mushure mezvo, akapinda Văn Lang uye akatanga nyika ye Âu Lạc. Iyo ngano inotsigirwa nezvakawanda zvisaririra, zvisaririra uye mazita enzvimbo mu Cao Bằng Province. Iko kufungidzira nezvekwakabva semugari wemunharaunda kwakaratidzirwawo mune dzakasiyana ngano, marejista, kunamatwa uye ndangariro dzevanhu.

Hwaro hwe ạu Lạc

      Pmhirizhonga kune iyo Chinese kutonga mudunhu, kuchamhembe uye kuchamhembe-pakati peVietnam yakanga yatongwa na Lạc madzimambo (Hùng madzimambo) avo vakashumirwa na Lạc hầu uye Lạc tướng.8 Munenge muna 257 BCE, vakaunganidzwa ne Ệu Việt nyika yeNam Cương, vaigara kuchamhembe kwe Zuo Rwizi, bheseni rekugezesa re Iwe Rwizi nenzvimbo yekumusoro kwerwizi ye Lô Rwizi, Gâm Rwizi, uye Rwizi rweCầu.9,10 Mutungamiriri we Âu Việt, THỤC PHÁN, akapidigura wekupedzisira Hùng madzimambo, uye yakabatanidza umambo huviri pasi pezita ra Âu Lạc, achizvizivisa Mambo An Dương (An Dương Vương).1

Kuvakwa kweCổ Loa Citadel

     Kra AN DNG yakamisa iyo guta guru ạu Lạc in Tây Vu, uko kunovakwa nhare yakavakirwa, inozivikanwa kune nhoroondo se Cổ Loa.11 Yaive yekutanga yezvematongerwo enyika nzvimbo ye Vietnamese budiriro pre-Sinitic era,12 nemucheto wekunze unovhara mahekita mazana matanhatu,13,14 imwe yenzvimbo dzekare dzekare dzekugara nzvimbo dze Southeast Asia.15 Zita "Cổ Loa” Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga kwe 古 螺 ( Middle Chinese (ZS) kuoX-luɑ > Yakajairwa Chinese: Gǔ Luó), zvichireva kuti "Chinyakare Conch“. Maererano ne Sravana Sameeralu Serial XNUMXt Toàn Thư, iyo nhare yakaumbwa senge conch,16 kuratidzira kweyakavakirwa mamiro-mazhinji edhorobha ane ramparts dzakadzika uye moats.17

       Tiye zviitiko zvine chekuita nekuvakwa kweiyi spir-yakaita citadel zvakarangarirwa mungano yegoridhe kamba. Zvinoenderana nengano iyi, pakavakwa imba yemuzinda, basa rese rakaitwa masikati rakagadziriswa zvisinganzwisisike pakati pehusiku neboka remweya yaitsvaga kutsiva mwanakomana wamambo apfuura.18 Midzimu yemuno yakatungamirwa nechuru churu chihuku huku yakachengeterwa padyo Mount Tam Đảo. Mambo akabva apisa zvinonhuwira, akanamata, uye akamutsa vanamwari kuti vamubatsire. Mukupindura chikumbiro chake, hofori yegoridhe yakangoerekana yabuda mumvura, yakakunda huku chena, ikamudzivirira kusvika panoperera nhare. Paakabva, akapa rimwe remazora ake uye akaraira Mambo kuti vaushandise sechinhu chinokonzeresa chemuchinjikwa, uine chivimbo chekuti nawo anogona kukundwa.

       Kra DƯƠNG yakatumirwa Cao Lỗ (kana Cao Thông) kugadzira muchinjikwa uye kuubhabhatidza "Saintly Muchinjikwa weIye Anoshamisa Anopenya Goridhe Claw"(nỏ thần), Ipfuti ipi inogona kuuraya varume mazana matatu.8,18 Maererano ne wezvenhoroondo KW Taylor, muchinjikwa, pamwe neshoko rayo, zvinoita kunge rakaunzwa mukati China kubva Austroasiatic vanhu kumaodzanyemba mukati mezana rechitatu kana rechina ramakore BCE.18 Yakakurumidza kuve chikamu che Chinese zvombo; maitikiro ayo aikwanisa kumira zvine mutsindo uye nekuregedzera museve une simba kudarika chero imwe mhando yeuta. Nzira mbiri dzendarira dzakaburitswa mukati Vietnam; nzira zhinji dzinogona kunge dzaive dzakagadzirwa nemishenjere.

Hondo neNanyue

      In 204 BCE, muna Panyu (ikozvino Guangzhou), ZHAO TUO, a chizvarwa cheZhending,19,20 mu mamiriro eZhao (mazuva ano Hebei), yakasimbisa iyo umambo hweNanyue.21 TAYLOR (1983) akatenda panguva iyo Nanyue uye Âu Lạc kuvapo, Âu Lạc kwenguva pfupi yakabvuma suzerainty ye Nanyue, asi pane kureva izvozvo Nanyue zvaive nesimba chairo pamusoro pavo, izvi zvaingomiririra zvavo Kuwirirana anti-Han manzwiro. Sehukama hune rugare ne Han vakadzorerwa, Simba raNanyue pamusoro Âu Lạc yapera. Uto Zhao Tuo yakanga yagadzira kupokana ne Han yaive yave kuwanikwa kuendesa kurwisa iyo Âu Lạc.22

      Tiye ruzivo rwemushandirapamwe haruna kunyorwa zvechokwadi. Zhao Tuokukanganisa kwekutanga uye kukunda kwekupedzisira kurwisa Mambo An Dương dzakataurwa mu Zvinyorwa zveAuter Territories mudunhu reJiao.4 Zvinyorwa zve Mukuru wenhoroondo haana kutaura Mambo An Duong nor Kukunda kwemauto kwaZhao Tuo kweUu Lạc; izvo chete mushure Empress Lü kufa (180 BCE), ZHAO TUO akashandisa mauto ake kutyisidzira uye akashandisa hupfumi kupa chiokomuhomwe Minyue, ivo Western Ou, Uye Luo kuzviisa pasi.23 Nekudaro, mushandirapamwe wakafemera ngano ine dingindira ndiko kuchinjiswa kweye kamba-yakakwenenzverwa crossbow kubva Mambo An Duong to Zhao Tuo. Zvinoenderana nengano iyi, kuve muridzi wechipenga kwakapa masimba ezvematongerwo enyikaUyo anokwanisa kubata chinovhiringidza anotonga nzvimbo. uyo asingagone kubata chino chirahwe achaparara. "24,25,26

       Uakabudirira panhandare yehondo, ZHAO TUO akakumbira chibvumirano ndokutumira mwanakomana wake Zhong Shi kuzviisa pasi Mambo An Dương kumushumira.27,25 Ikoko, iye uye Mwanasikana waMambo An Duong, MỴ CHÂU, vakawira murudo uye vakaroora.25,28 Chidimbu chesangano rematongerwo enyika chakada kuti murume agare munzvimbo yekugara yemhuri yemukadzi wake.29 Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakagara pa Dare raDuong kusvikira Zhong Shi akakwanisa kuwana zvakavanzika uye mazano aMambo An Dương.29 Zvichakadaro, King DUONG inorapwa Cao Lỗ nekusaremekedza, uye akamusiya.30

       ZHONG SHI ndakanga Mỵ Châu muratidze unoyera unoyera, panguva iyo akachinja pachivande chishongedzo chayo, achirerutsa masimba ayo akasarudzika uye achichiita chisina maturo.28 Akazokumbira kudzokera kuna baba vake, avo vakabva vatanga kurwisa kutsva Âu Lạc uye nguva ino takundwa Mambo An Dương.29 Nhoroondo inonyora kuti, mukukundwa kwake, Mambo akasvetukira mugungwa kuti azviuraye. Mune dzimwe shanduro, akaudzwa nekamba nezvekutengesa kwemwanasikana wake uye akauraya mwanasikana wake nekuda kwekunyengera kwake asati azviuraya. Ngano, zvisinei, inoburitsa pachena kuti kamba yegoridhe yakabuda ichibva mumvura ikamutungamira kuenda kunzvimbo yemvura.25 Kune zvakare tsika yekuti Mambo akatizira kumaodzanyemba kune yanhasi Nghệ Dunhu, kuvaka chivakwa chitsva uye akatonga kusvika pakufa kwake.31

        From zviwanikwa zvekuchera matongo zve Cổ Loa, zvinokwanisika kuti matekinoroji emauto kubva ku Nyika Dzinorwa anga aendeswa kudunhu aine huwandu hwenhumbi hwakaenzana nemauto epanguva ino mu China, zvichiratidza kuti unemhombwe unoshamisa unogona kunge uri mhando ye "mutsva wemauto mutsva”Kudzidziswa nekurairwa na Cao Thông, yaive "haichashandi”Pasina kurairwa kwake.32

Nhaka

     Vvanyori venhoroondo kazhinji vanoona zviitiko zvakakura zvenguva ino sekuti zvine midzi muzvokwadi yezvakaitika. Zvisinei, kududzirwa uye kuyananiswa kwenhoroondo yenguva yacho kwakaiswa mukati, uye dzimwe nguva kupokana, iyo nhoroondo yekududzirwa kweSoviet nhoroondo.33 The guta guru raMambo An Dương, CỔ LOA, yaive yekutanga yezvematongerwo enyika nzvimbo ye Vietnamese budiriro pre-Sinitic era.12 Iyo saiti ine maviri ekunze maseti enhurikidzwa uye nhare mukati, yemakona emakona. Ma moats ane akateedzana ehova, kusanganisira iyo Hoang Giang Rwizi uye netiweki yemakungwa yakapa Cổ Loa pamwe nekudzivirira uye kufamba.34 Kim inofungidzirwa huwandu hwevanhu Co Loa ingangove yakapararira kubva pa5,000 kusvika kwakatenderedza zviuru gumi vagari.35

References

  1. TAYLOR 1983, peji. 19.
  2. TERRY F. KLEEMAN 1998, peji. 24.
  3. O'HARROW 1979, peji. 148.
  4. Sezvakataurwa mu Li Daoyuan's Commentary pa Mvura Yekare, Vol. 37
  5. Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 定 越 目 目 目
  6. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 30.
  7. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 29.
  8. KELLEY 2014, p. 88.
  9. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 31.
  10. DEMATTÈ 2015, p. 622-624.
  11. TAYLOR 2013, peji. 14.
  12. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 111.
  13. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 156.
  14. KIM, LAI & TRINH 2010, peji. 1013.
  15. KIM 2020, peji. 231.
  16. NGÔ SĨ LIÊN et al., Sravana Sameeralu Serial XNUMXt Toàn Thư "An Dương Vương”Chirevo:“ 王 於 是 築 城 于 越 裳 ， 廣 千 丈 ， 盤 旋 如 螺 形 故 號 螺 城 ”tr:“Mambo vakabva vavaka nhare kuViệt Thường, chiuru-zhàng chakafara, ichitenderera uye ichitenderera kunge chimiro checonch. Naizvozvo, yainzi Conch Citadel. "
  17. KIERNAN, BEN (2017). Việt Nam: nhoroondo kubva panguva yekutanga kusvika zvino. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
  18. TAYLOR 1983, peji. 21.
  19. WATSON 1961, peji. 239.
  20. YU 1986, mapeji 451-452.
  21. LOEWE 1986, p. 128.
  22. TAYLOR 1983, peji. 24.
  23. WATSON 1961, peji. 241.
  24. NAM C. KIM 2015, peji. 5.
  25. TAYLOR 1983, peji. 25.
  26. GEORGE E. DUTTON 2006, peji. 70.
  27. LEEMING 2001, p. 193.
  28. KELLEY 2014, p. 89.
  29. TAYLOR 2013, peji. 15.
  30. TAYLOR 2013, peji. 16.
  31. TAYLOR 1983, peji. 317.
  32. TAYLOR 2013, mapeji 16-17.
  33. PATRICIA M. PELLEY - Postcolonial Vietnam: Nyowani Nhoroondo dzeNyika Yakare - Page 50 2002 “uyo aivimba zvakanyanya nebasa raLenin - kunyanya Trần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, naPhan Huy Lê - vakaburitsa zvidzidzo zviviri zvekupwanya nzira, Primitive Communism neThe History of Feudalism, kwavakasiya pachena… .. yechinyakare komiyunizimu kune feudalism. Vakafuridzirwa nezvakataurwa naLenin maererano nenyika dzeSlavic, vezvakaitika kare kuyunivhesiti vakasimbirira kuti kutanga nemadzimambo eHùng nehumambo hweVăn Lang… panguva yekutonga kwaAn Dương Vương, vaitonga humambo hweUu L c, uye kuburikidza nematanho ekutanga e Basa reChinese (kubva muna 2879 BC kusvika muna 43 AD, mune mamwe mazwi) nzanga yeVietnamese yaive yakavakirwa pachinyakare chemakomunizimu "
  34. HIGHAM 1996, peji. 122.
  35. KIM 2015, peji. 219-220.

Bibliographie

  1. BALDANZA, KATHLENE (2016). Ming China neVietnam: Kutaurirana Border muEkutanga Yemazuva ano Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44055-1.
  2. BRINDLEY, ERICA (2015). Yakare China neYue: Maonero uye Kuzivikanwa paSouthern Frontier, C. 400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-110-70847-8-0.
  3. BUTTINGER, JOSEPH (1958). Dhiragoni Diki. Praeger Vaparidzi.
  4. CHAPUIS, OSCAR (1995). Nhoroondo yeVietnam: Kubva kuHong Bang kuenda kuTu Duc. Greenwood Press. ISBN 03132-9-622-7.
  5. DEMATTÈ, PAOLA (Chikumi 2015). "Kufamba uye nenzvimbo: iyo Zuo River Valley dombo hunyanzvi hweGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Dunhu, China“. Zvekare. 89 (345): 613-628. doi: 10.15184 / aqy.2014.49.
  6. DE VOS, GEORGE A.; SLOTE, WALTER H., ed. (1998). Confucianism neMhuri. State University yeNew York Press. ISBN 978-0-791-43735-3.
  7. GEORGE E. DUTTON (2006). Iye Tay Mwanakomana Anomukira: Sosaiti uye Kupandukira muzana regumi nemasere-Century Vietnam. Yunivhesiti yeHawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-82482-984-1.
  8. DUTTON, GEORGE; WERNER, JAYNE; WHITMORE, JOHN K., vapepeti. (2012). Zvinyorwa zveVietnamese Tsika. Nhanganyaya kuAsia Civilizations. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13862-8.
  9. ĐÀO DUY ANH (2016) [Kutanga kuburitswa muna 1964]. Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (muVietnamese) Nha Nam. ISBN 978-604-94-8700-2.
  10. ĐÀO DUY ANH (2020) [Kutanga kuburitswa muna 1958]. Lịch sử Việt Nam: Từ nguồn gốc đến cuối kỷ XIX (muVietnamese). Hanoi Kuburitsa Imba. ISBN 978-604-556-114-0.
  11. FERLUS, MICHAEL (2009). "Chidimbu che Dongsonian Vocabulary muVietnamese“. Zvinyorwa zveSoutheast Asia Linguistics Society. 1: 95-108.
  12. HOÀNG, ANH TUẤN (2007). Silika yeSirivha: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 - 1700. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15601-2.
  13. HIGHAM, CHARLES (1989). Iyo yekuchera matongo e mainland Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.
  14. HIGHAM, CHARLES (1996). Iyo Bronze Zera reSoutheast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.
  15. KELLEY, LIAM C. (2014), "Kugadzira Nhaurwa Dzenharaunda: Midzimu, Kurota, uye Zviporofita muMiddle Medieval Red River Delta", Muna ANDERSON, JAMES A .; WHITMORE, JOHN K. (eds.), Kusangana kweChina kumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero: Kuvandudza Muganhu Wemoto Pamakore Ane Chiuru, United States: Brills, mapeji 78-106
  16. KIERNAN, BEN (2019). Việt Nam: nhoroondo kubva panguva yekutanga kusvika zvino. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
  17. KIM, NAM C.; LAI, VAN TOI; TRINH, HOANG HIEP (2010). "Co Loa: kuferefetwa kweguta rekare reVietnam“. Zvekare. 84 (326): 1011-1027. doi: 10.1017 / S0003598X00067041. S2CID 162065918.
  18. KIM, NAM C. (2015). Kwakatangira kwekare Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-98089-5.
  19. KIM, NAM C. (2020), "Iyo nzira yekuenda kuEmergency Yemunhu Kusanzwisisika uye State Simba: A Maonero kubva kuSoutheast Asia", MuBONDARENKO, DMITRI M .; KOWALEWSKI, STEPHEN A .; DUKU, DAVHIDI B. (eds.), Iyo Shanduko yeSocial Institutions. World-Systems Evolution uye Global Futures, Springer Publishing, mapeji 225-253, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-030-51437-2_10, ISBN 978-3-030-51436-5
  20. KUSVIRA, DAVIDI (2001). Duramazwi reAsia Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195120523.
  21. LI, TANA (2011), "Ongororo yeGeopolitiki", MuLI, TANA; ANDERSON, JAMES A. (eds.), Iyo Tongking Gulf Kupfuura Nhoroondo, Pennsylvania: Yunivhesiti yePennsylvania Press, mapeji 1-25
  22. LI, TANA (2011), "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) muHan Period Tongking Gulf", MuLI, TANA; ANDERSON, JAMES A. (eds.), Iyo Tongking Gulf Kupfuura Nhoroondo, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, mapeji 39–53, ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
  23. LOEWE, MICHAEL (1986), "Iyo yaimbova imba yaHan", MuTWITCHETT, DENIS C .; FAIRBANK, JOHN KING (eds.), Iyo Cambridge Nhoroondo yeChina: Bhuku 1, Iyo Ch'in neHan Humambo, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, mapeji 110-128
  24. MCLEOD, MARK; NGUYEN, THI DIEU (2001). Tsika uye Tsika dzeVietnam. Greenwood (rakaburitswa muna Chikumi 30, 2001). ISBN 978-0-313-36113-5.
  25. MIKSIC, JOHN NORMAN; YIAN, Enda GEOK (2016). Yakare Southeast Asia. Taylor naFrancis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
  26. MILBURN, OLIVIA (2010). Kubwinya kweYue: An Annotated Dudziro yeYuejue shu. Sinica Leidensia. 93. Vaparidzi veBrill. ISBN 978-90474-4-399-5.
  27. O'HARROW, STEPHEN (1979). "Kubva kuCo-loa kuenda kuTrung Sisters 'Revolt: Viet-Nam Sezvo maChinese Akaiwana“. Maonero eAsia. 22 (2): 140-164. JSTOR 42928006 - kuburikidza neJSTOR.
  28. JAMIESON, NEIL L. (1995). Kunzwisisa Vietnam. Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press. ISBN 9780520201576.
  29. SARDESAI, DR (2005). Vietnam, Yakare uye Yazvino. Avalon Kuburitsa. ISBN 978-0-813-34308-2.
  30. SCHAFER, EDWARD HETZEL (1967), Iyo Vermilion Shiri: T'ang Mifananidzo yeSouth, Los Angeles: Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press
  31. TAYLOR, KEITH WELLER (1983). Kuberekwa kweVietnam. Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
  32. TAYLOR, KEITH WELLER (2013). Nhoroondo yeVietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
  33. TERRY F. KLEEMAN (1998). Ta Chʻeng, Kukwana Kukuru - Chitendero uye Dzinza muChinese Millennial Kingdom. Yunivhesiti yeHawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1800-8.
  34. WATSON, BURTON (1961). Zvinyorwa zveGreat Historian weChina. Columbia University Press.
  35. WU, CHUNMING; ROLETT, BARRY VLADIMIR (2019). Prehistoric Maritime Tsika uye Seafaring muEast Asia. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-9813292567.
  36. YU, YING-SHIH (1986), "Han hukama hwekunze", MuTWITCHETT, DENIS C .; FAIRBANK, JOHN KING (eds.), Iyo Cambridge Nhoroondo yeChina: Bhuku 1, Iyo Ch'in neHan Humambo, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, mapeji 377-463.

ZVINYORWA :
◊ Zvinyorwa:  wikipedia.com.
Title Musoro wenyaya, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvepamusoro, zvakashinga, italic zvinyorwa, zvakaratidzwa sepia mufananidzo wakagadzwa naBan Tu Thư - gvanevachar.com

BANISA TU THƯ
6 / 2021

(Yakashanyira 2,014 nguva, 1 anoshanyira nhasi)
Post Views: 4,150