Pekutanga kumadokero kweAnnam mamepu zana nemakumi mairi neshanu - zvitsva zvisereti

Mazita eVietnam

4384 Views

Ichi chinyorwa chiri pamusoro pe mazita a Nyika Vietnam. Nezve mazita eVietnam, ona Vietnamese zita.

Vhetinamu musiyano we Nam Việt (Southern Việt), zita rinogona kudzokerwa shure kune Triệu vedzinza (Zana ramakore rechipiri BC, inozivikanwawo seNanyue Kingdom).¹ Izwi rekuti "Việt" rakatanga senzira yakapfupikiswa ye Bách Việt, izwi rinoshandiswa kureva vanhu vaigara mune yava kunzi kumaodzanyemba kweChina munguva dzekare. Izwi rekutiVhetinamu“, Nemazwi ari muchirongwa chemazuva ano, anotanga kuoneka muzana ramakore rechi16 munhetembo ya Nguyen Binh Khiem. "Annam", Iro rakatanga sezita reChinese muzana ramakore rechinomwe, raive zita raizivikanwa nenyika panguva yekoloni. Munyori wenyika Phan Bội Châu kumutsidzira zita "Vietnam”Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Pakakwikwidzana hurumende dzemakomunist uye dzinopesana nemakomunist mu1945, vese vakabva vatora iri sezita repamutemo renyika. MuchiShona, zvimiro zviviri izvi zvinowanzobatanidzwa kuita izwi rimwe chete, “Vietnam. ” Zvisinei, "Vhetinamu”Yaimboshandiswa nevakawanda uye ichiri kushandiswa neUnited Nations uye nehurumende yeVietnam.

Munhoroondo yose, pakanga paine mazita mazhinji aishandiswa kureva Vietnam. Kunze kwemazita epamutemo, pane mazita anoshandiswa zvisirizvo kureva ndima Vietnam. Vietnam yakadanwa Văn Lang panguva Hùng Vương Dhivha, Âu Lạc apo An Dương aive mambo, Nam Việt panguva yeTestệu Dynasty, Vạn Xuân panguva yeAnterior Lý Dynasty, Ồi Cồ Việt panguva yeimba ye Đinh neyekutanga Lê. Kutanga muna 1054, Vietnam yakadaidzwa Vadivelu Comedy Dai Viet (Great Vietnam).² Munguva yehumambo hweHồ, Vietnam yakadaidzwa Ngui Ngu.³

Kwakatangira "Vietnam"

Izwi rokuti "Việt"(Yue) (ChiChinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade – Giles: Yüeh⁴; Vietnamese: Việt), Pakutanga Middle Chinese yakatanga kunyorwa uchishandisa iyo logograph "戉" yedemo (homophone), mune oracle pfupa uye zvendarira zvinyorwa zvechinyakare Shang imbac. 1200 BC), uye gare gare se "越".⁴ Panguva iyoyo raireva vanhu kana muchinda wekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth.⁵ Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechisere BC, dzinza riri pakati peYangtze rakadaidzwa kuti Yangyue, izwi rakazoshandiswa kuvanhu kuenda kumaodzanyemba.⁵ Pakati pezana ramakore echinomwe nerechina BC Yue /Việt yakanongedzwa kuHurumende yeYue munzvimbo yepazasi yeYangtze nevanhu vayo.^4,5

Kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu BC izwi iri rakashandiswa kune vanhu vasiri vechiChina vekumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina nekuchamhembe Vietnam, iine zviwanikwa kana mapoka anonzi Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (chiVietnamese Lac Vietnam), nezvimwewo Baiyue (Bách Việt, ChiChinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; "Mazana Yue / Viet"; ).^4,5 Izwi rekuti Baiyue /Bách Việt yakatanga kuoneka mubhuku Lüshi Chunqiu yakarongedzwa zvakatenderedza 239 BC.⁶

In 207 BC, aimbova Qin wedzinza rezvose Zhao Tuo / Triệu Đà akatanga kereke Nanyue /Nam Việt (ChiChinese: 南越; “Southern Yue / Việt”) nedhorobha rayo kuPanyu (ano Guangzhou). Humambo uhwu hwaive "hwekumaodzanyemba" mupfungwa yekuti hwaive kumaodzanyemba kwehumwe umambo hweBaiyue senge Minyue neOuyue, iri muFujian neZhejiang yemazuva ano. Akaverengeka gare gare maDynasties emadzishe akatevera zita iri kunyange mushure mekunge vanhu vazhinji vekuchamhembe vapinzwa muChina.

In "Sấm Trạng Trình"(Zviporofita zveTrngng Trình), mudetembi Nguyen Binh Khiem (1491-1585) yakadzosa tsika yechinyakare yemashiripiti ndokuisa zita racho muchimiro chazvino: "Vietnam iri kugadzirwa" (Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền).⁷ Panguva ino, nyika yakanga yakakamurwa pakati pe Trịnh madzishe eHanoi ne Nguyen madzishe aHuế. Nokubatanidza mazita akati wandei aripo, Nam Việt, Annam (Pacified South), Vadivelu Comedy Dai Viet (Great Việt), uye "Nam quốc"(nyika yekumaodzanyemba), Khiêm anogona kugadzira zita nyowani raireva kushuvira nyika yakabatana. Izwi rekutiNam”Haichatauri kuti Southern Việt, asi kuti Vietnam iri "kumaodzanyemba" kusiyana neChina, "iyo yekuchamhembe".⁸ Tsananguro iyi inorehwa na Lý Thường Kiệt munhetembo "Nam quốc sơn hà" (1077): "Pamusoro pemakomo nenzizi dzekumaodzanyemba, anotonga mambo weSouth." Muongorori Nguyễn Phúc Giác Hải ndawana izwi "Vhetinamu”Pamatombo 12 akavezwa muzana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17, kubatanidza mumwe paBảo Lâm Pagoda, Hải phòng (1558).⁸ Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1675-1725) akashandisa izwi iri munhetembo: “Iri ndiro gomo rine njodzi kwazvo Vietnam"(Việt Nam hiểm ải thử sơn điên).⁹ Rakashandiswa sezita repamutemo naMambo Gia Murefu mu 1804-1813.¹⁰ Jiaqing Emperor akaramba Gia MurefuChikumbiro chekushandura zita renyika yake Nam Việt, uye akachinja zita Vhetinamu.¹¹ Gia Long's Nam Nam thực lục ine tsamba yekudyidzana pamusoro pezita racho.¹²

"Trung Quốc" 中國 kana iyo 'Middle Nyika' yakashandiswa sezita re Vietnam naGia Long muna 1805.¹¹ Minh Mạng vakashandisa zita rekuti "Trung Quốc" 中國 kudaidza Vietnam.¹³ Vietnamese Nguyen Emperor Minh Mạng akatadzira madzinza madiki senge maCambodians, akataura nhaka yeConfucianism neimba yeChina yeHan yeVietnam, uye akashandisa izwi rekuti Han vanhu 漢人 kureva maVietnamese.¹⁴ Minh Mạng vakazivisa kuti "Tinofanira kutarisira kuti tsika dzavo dzevatorwa dzichanyangarika, uye kuti zuva nezuva vachawedzerwa hutachiona hweHan [Sino-Vietnamese]."¹⁵ Iyi mirayiridzo yakanangwa kuKhmer nekumakomo emakomo.¹⁶ The Nguyen ishe Nguyễn Phúc Chu anga ataura kuVietnamese se "Han vanhu" muna 1712 apo kusiyanisa Vietnamese uye Chams.¹⁷ Chipfeko cheChinese chakamanikidzwa pane vanhu veVietnamese nevaNguyễn.^18,19,20,21

Kushandiswa kwe “Vietnam”Yakamutsiridzwa munguva dzazvino nevanhu venyika vanosanganisira Phan Bội Châu, rine bhuku Việt Nam vong quốc sử (Nhoroondo yekurasikirwa kweVietnam) rakabudiswa muna 1906. Chau akatanga zvakare Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (Vietnam Kudzorera League) muna 1912. Zvisinei, ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakaramba ruchishandisa Annam uye zita "Vietnam”Yakaramba isingazivikanwe kudzamara kumukira kweYên Bái kwa1930, kwakarongwa neViệt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vietnamese Nationalist Bato).²² Pakutanga kwema1940, kushandiswa kwe "Vhetinamu”Yakanga yakapararira. Yakaonekwa muzita ra Ho Chi Minh Guta's Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội (Viet Minh), yakavambwa 1941, uye yaitoshandiswa nagavhuna weFrance Indochina muna 1942.²³ Zita "Vietnam”Yave iri pamutemo kubvira 1945. Yakagamuchirwa muna Chikumi na Vadivelu Comedy Bao Daihurumende yeumambo muHuế, uye munaGunyana naHo anokwikwidza hurumende yemakomunisheni muHanoi.²⁴

Other mazita

Xích Quỷ赤鬼) 2879-2524 BC
Văn Lang (文郎 / Orang) 2524-258 BC
Ạu Lạc (甌雒 / Anaki) 257-179 BC
Nam Việt (南越) 204-111 BC
Giao Chỉ (交趾 / 交阯) 111 BC - 40 AD
Lĩnh Nam 40-43
Giao Chỉ 43-299
Giao Châu 299-544
Vạn Xuân (萬春) 544-602
Giao Châu 602-679
An Nam (Annan) 679-757
Trấn Nam 757-766
Nam. 766-866
Tĩnh Hải (靜海) 866-967
Ồi Cồ Việt (大瞿越) 968-1054
Đại Việt (大越) 1054-1400
Ngui Ngu (大虞) 1400-1407
Nami Nam (大南)²⁵ 1407-1427
Ệi Việt 1428–1804
QuĐếc Việt Nam (Humambo hweVietnam) 1804-1839
Nami Nam 1839–1845
Indochina (Tonkin, An Nam, Cochinchina) 1887-1954
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Democratic Republic yeVietnam) - 1945 - 1975
Việt Nam Cộng hòa (Republic of Vietnam) - 1954 - 1975
Chính phủ Cách mạng Lâm thời Cộng hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam 1954 - 1974 (Provisional Revolutionary Hurumende yeRepublic yeSouth Vietnam)
Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt NamSocialist Republic yeVietnam) 1975 - Kwete

Mazita mune mimwe mitauro

MuChirungu, zviperengo Vietnam, Vietnam-Nam, uye Viet Nam zvese zvave zvichishandiswa. Chinyorwa cha 1954 cha Webster's New Collegiate Duramazwi akapa ose asina kutsigirwa uye hyphenated mafomu; mukupindura tsamba yakabva kumuverengi, ivo vanyori vakaratidza chimiro Vhetinamu yakagamuchirwawo, kunyangwe ivo vakati nekuti maAnglophones aisaziva zvinoreva mazwi maviri anoumba zita rekuti Vietnam, "hazvishamise" kuti paive nekatsika kekusiya nzvimbo.²⁶ Muna 1966, hurumende yeUS yaizivikanwa kuti yaishandisa ese matatu madudziro, neDhipatimendi reHurumende vachida iyo yekufungidzira vhezheni.²⁷ Na 1981, iyo hyphenated fomu yaionekwa se "dated", sekureva kwemunyori weScotland Gilbert Adair, uye akatumidza bhuku rake pamusoro pekuratidzwa kwenyika mufirimu achishandisa chimiro chisina kujairika uye chisina kumisikidzwa "Vietnam".²⁸

Iri razvino zita reChinese reVietnam (Chinese: 越南; pinyin: Yuènán) rinogona kushandurwa se "Beyond the South", zvichitungamira kuchimiro etymology kuti zita iri rinoreva nzvimbo yenyika kupfuura miganhu yekumaodzanyemba kweChina. Imwe dzidziso inotsanangura kuti nyika yakadanwa saiyo kuitira kusimbisa kupatsanurwa kweavo vakagara muChina kusiyana nevanhu vanogara muVietnam.²⁹

Vaviri vechiJapan neKorea vaimboenda kuVietnam nokududzirwa kwavo Sino-Xenic kwevatorwa vechiChinese mazita avo, asi vakazochinja vachishandisa zvakanyorwa zvakananga pafonetiki. MuJapan, kutevera rusununguko rweVietnam mazita Annan (Annan) uye Etsunan (越南) dzakanyanya kutsiviwa nehunyorwa rwefonetiki Betonamu (ベトナム), rakanyorwa mukati katakana script; zvisinei, fomu yekare ichiri kuoneka mumashoko akaomeswa (semuenzaniso 訪越, "Kushanya kuVietnam").³⁰^{, 31} Bazi reJapan rezvekunze dzimwe nguva raishandisa imwe chiperengo Vietnam (ヴィエトナム).³¹ Saizvozvowo, mumutauro weKorea, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekudzikira kwekushandisa hanja, zita rinobva kuSino-Korea Wollam (월남, kuverenga kweKorea kwe 越南) yakatsiviwa na Beteunam (베트남) muSouth Korea uye Wennam (윁남) kuNorth Korea.^32,³³