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Lý Toét iri Muguta: Kuuya kuMagariro neNazvino muna 1930s Vietnam - Chikamu chekutanga

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GEORGE DUTTON

GEORGE DUTTON ndiye Anobatsira Mapurofesa, Dhipatimendi reMitauro yeAsia uye Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles. Chinyorwa ichi chakave nemavambo avo mune mharidzo ku2004 Southeast Asia Conference paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley. Ini ndinoda kutenda Shawn McHale, mukurukuri pamusangano uyu, pamwe naPeter Zinoman naJohn Schafer, nekuda kwezvavanotaura uye mazano ekuvandudza chinyorwa ichi.

KUTANGA

   Kuitika kwehumwe utori venhau hwakakurumbira muna 1930s Vietnam yakatendera chirevo chitsva chekushandura hupenyu hwedhorobha, pakati pazvo Lý Toét, mugari anonetsekana nekusangana kwake neguta modem. Chinyorwa ichi chinoshandisa iyo Lý Toét Katuni dzakaonekwa mupepanhau revhiki Phong Nham [Mazhinji] sehwindo pamaonero emadhorobha kune modem. Zvinoratidza kuti iyo mifananidzo inoratidzira mukana wakawanda wekunetseka nezvechimanjemanje pane Phong Nham'' editors, kunyangwe vachizvipira kutsigira kutsva neazvino.

   The 1930akaona shanduko ye Vietnamese utori venhau, shanduko inoratidzwa zvakanyanya nekuputika kwechokwadi kwekutsvaira kwenhau. Muna 1936 chete mapepa matsva makumi maviri nemaviri akaoneka, iko kusimudzira kwekukwira kwakasimba kwakatanga muma230s.1 Muchina unowedzera waive mhinduro kune dzakawanda shanduko mukati Nzanga yeVietnam, kwete chidiki cheicho chaive kuwedzera vagari vemumaguta vane mari yekutenga izvi zvitsva zvinyorwa, nguva yekuzviverenga, uye ruzivo rwekuverenga mune nyowani itsva romanized yeVietnamese, Quốc Ngữ. David Marr akafungidzira kuti panozopera 1930s zvakawedzera mamirioni 1.8 Vietnamese (pamwe ruzhinji rwovo rwemaguta) dzaive functionally kuverenga mukati Quốc Ngữ.2 Ruzhinji rwekuverenga ruzhinji rwakamiririra vateereri vemapepanhau aya, ayo aive achiumba mamiriro emumaguta uye aikanganiswawo nazvo. Pakati pezvipo zvakakosheswa zvemagazini matsva aya ndezvekuti vakasimbisa pfungwa yekuti veVietnamese vairarama munguva nyowani uye ine simba, imwe umo zvakapfuura ne "tsika" zvakamira mukupesana kunoshamisa nazvino "neazvino."

    Imwe yemifananidzo yakakurumbira yemusiyano uyu yaive munhu anozvininipisa wekatuni, mushanyi wekumaruwa kuguta rakakura zita rekuti Lý Toét. Mukupfupika chiumbwa ichi chaimiririra kukakavara pakati pechinyakare uye nyowani, uye mune imwe pfungwa yakakura akashanda semufananidzo wegirazi rechiratidzo chinobuda muVietnam. Zvikurukuru, Lý Toét yaive caricature ye lý trưởng [iyo yemumusha yemuchinda], archetype inomiririra chii Philippe Papin adaidza "akanaka varombo hafu" uye bhurawuni anoratidzwa se "mukuru anoshamisa wetaundi."3 Toét, angave akatanga kuoneka semunhu mumabhindauko ekuchinja [chèo cải lương] yekutanga kwazvo 1930s, yakatora fomu inowedzera uye inooneka mune yekudhinda midhiya, kunyanya muHà Nội vhiki Phong Nham [Zvimwe].4 Yakanga iri pamapeji e Phong Nham uye izvo zvebhuku rayo Ngày Kwete [Mazuva aya] izvo Lý Toét akauya kuzoratidza Vietnamese musha yakarasika mukuwiswa kwekushandurwa kwemadhorobha.

     Ichi chinyorwa tichakurangarira Lý Toét sezvaakazviratidza mukati Phong Nham, Kuongorora nzira dzaakashandiswa kuratidza kusawirirana kwekare neazvino, kumaruwa nemadhorobha, uyetsika"Uye"modernity. ”Mukusangana kwake nehupenyu hwemumaguta, Lý Toét yakaratidza kuoma kunosemesa kwekuvandudzwa kwemaguta. Lý Toét aive mugari asina kudzidza airwirakazhinji hazvina kubudirira) kunzwisisa iyezvino, uye nekutarisa kutambudzika kwake, vagari vemumaguta vanogona kuzvikorokotedza pachavo nekunyepedzera kwavo, chipenga chakazorora paruzivo uye ruzivo Lý Toét haina. Asi, panguva imwe chete, Lý ToétKusangana nehupenyu hwemaguta kwakaratidza izvo zvinoratidzwa zvehuhu hutsva hutsva, kusanganisira hungwaru hwayo hwemuviri uye kazhinji kwekutora kunobva kumagariro akareba akasimba ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

     Kuverenga kwangu kwepedyo kwa Lý ToéT katuni dzinoratidza kumwe kuchinjika kududziro dzechivanhu nezvekuona kwe Phong Nham's timu yekugadziridza, iyo Yekuzvinyaradza Simba Literary Group [Tự Lực Văn Đoàn]. Iri boka, rakavambwa na nhất Linh uye nhamba shoma yevanyori vane mafungiro akafanana muna 1934, yakaratidza maonero ayo mune gumi mapoinzi manifesto akataura nezve kuburitsa mabhuku kupfumisa nyika, uye nekuita izvi nenzira yaive inowanikwa, yakatwasuka, uye nyore kunzwisisa. Yakazivisawo kuzvipira kweboka iri kurwa risingazununguki kufambira mberi uye nekuenderera mberi kuedza kukwazisa veruzhinji ruzivo rwesainzi.5 Nhengo dzeZvekuzvidzikisira Nyanzvi dzeboka dzakagara dzichionekwa nevanyori venhau dzekare vanozoita sevanopokana, vane hunhu husingaoneki, kana sevatsigiri vechimanje, vachitevedzera mafomu asi kwete chinhu chetekinoroji nyowani, kuraira kwemagariro, uye tsika. mota. Kunyangwe boka rakataurwa zvine simba, ini ndinofunga kuti zvinyorwa zvavo, kunyanya Phong Nham, yakaratidza maonero anodakajisa ekuchinja nekukurumidza kunoitika kumativi ese kwakavakomberedza. Sezvo ini ndichajekesa pazasi, caricature kunyanya haana kungotsoropodza kutsoropodza kwe "kumashure," kana kuti ivo vakataura nezvekupokana kwerudo. Mapoka acho akati "kurwira kufambira mberi," semuenzaniso, kwakadzokororwa nenzira nemataurirwo emakatuni ebhuku ravo kuburitsa "kufambira mberi" zvese sekubatsira uye kutyisidzira. Saka, Mhepo Chemistry chaive chiratidzo cheshanduko yemagariro ekumadhorobha iyo yakanzi "zvazvino" uye panguva imwecheteyo hurukuro inoitika pamusoro pavo yaisawanzozivisa kusanzwisisika kwekuzivisa kweZvikonzero zveBhuku raKusimba.

    Iyo yemazuvano pane inoratidzwa mukati Phong Nham yakaratidzirwa nekuchinja nekukurumidza, techization yenharaunda, shanduko yekubatana kwenzanga, uye guta roga. Yakaratidza yeEuropean inotongwa "ikozvino" musiyano, zvakaperera, neyakavhenekera rinotaridzika seVietnamese "ipapo." Kana vaVietnamese vekuverenga magazini idzi vaiziva nezwi richangoburwa izwi rekuti "modem" -Hiện đạindiye zvisina kujeka. Ivo vangangove vakasangana nemafungiro ekuchinja mune mazwi mới "uye"itsva, ”Ese ari maviri anogona kushandurwa se"itsva. "6 Izvo zvakajeka ndezvekuti vekuVietnamese vemumaguta vaiziva kuti vaigara munguva dzekushanduka kunoshamisa umo modhi dzekutaurirana nekutakura, pamwe nekudyidzana uye kutaura, zvese zvaive kuchinja. Uyezve, pakanga pane pfungwa yakasimba yekuve parwendo rwekushandurwa mune iyo yekupedzisira yekupedzisira kwaisazivikanwa. Vanhu vakanzwa kuti vaive vatori vechikamu mune shanduko idzi, kunzwa kwanga kusine nzvimbo zvakanyanya kupinda munharaunda yevanyori nevanoratidzira vachipa mabhaisikopo matsva kuoneka mukati memakumi ma1930.

… Pfuurira mberi…

CHERECHEDZA:

  1. David Marr, "Chishuvo Chazvino: Vakadzidza neMedia," mu Pashure pehondo Vietnam: Masimba eSangano Anochinja,ed. Hy V. Luong (Lanham, MD: Rowman uye Littlefield, 2003, 261.
  2. David Marr, Vietnamese Tsika paKwayedza: 1920-1945 (Berkeley uye Los Angeles: Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, 1981), 34; zvakare Marr, "Chido Chazvino," 261. Zvinoenderana nekufungidzira kwaMarroti chiitiko ichi chinogona kunge chakamirira zvakapetwa kagumi nhamba yechiVietnamese kubva makore gumi apfuura.
  3. Marr, “Chishuvo Chazvino,” 261; Philippe Papin, "Ndiani Ane Simba Mune Musha?" MuVietnam expose: French Scholarship pane Makumi maviri-zana. Vietnamese Society, ed. Gisclc L. Bousquet naPierre Brocheux (Ann Baths: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 29; Neil Jamieson, Kunzwisisa Vietnam (Berkeley uye Los Angeles: Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, 1993, 102.
  4. Maurice Durand naNguyen Tran Huan vanoti Lý Toét ndiye akaumbwa wenhetembo Tú Mỡ uye akagadziridzwa muna 1927, chikumbiro chakaoma kutsigira. Ona Maurice Durand naNguyen Tran Huan, Nhanganyaya yeVietnamese Literature, trans. DM Hawke (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 119. Lý Toét akaitawo kakawanda kuoneka Phong Nham'hanzvadzi hanzvadzi Ngày Kwete [Mazuva ano), kunyangwe nekuda kwezvinangwa izvi ndichatarisa chete pane zvakaitika pakutanga.
  5. Chirevo chegumi chepfungwa chakanangana neboka raakawana mu "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," Phong Nham, March 2,1934, p. 2.
  6. Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne anotarisana A La Modemite: Le tonkin de la fin du XIXe siecle de la Second guerre mondiale [Vietnamese Society Inotarisana Nazvino: Tonkin kubva kumagumo eNineeteth Century kusvika kuHondo yechipiri yeHondo] (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995, 139.

(Source: Chinyorwa cheVietnamese Zvidzidzo, Vol. 2. Nyaya 1. pps. 80-108. ISSN 1559-372X, yemagetsi ISSN 1559- 3758. © 2007 neRegents yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia. http: / Av \ vw.ucprcssjournals.coin / rcprintlnfo.asp.)

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