Lý Toét iri Muguta: Kuuya kuMagariro neNazvino muna 1930s Vietnam - Chikamu chekutanga
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GEORGE DUTTON
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Phong Nham
Kuita zvirinani Lý Toét seese hunhu uye caricature, regai nditange ndapa imwe pfupi nhoroondo kumashure Phong Nham. Kutanga kuoneka muHà Nội muna 1932, magazini ino yakawedzera mukurumbira mushure menguva pfupi payakatorerwa Nguyễn Tưởng Tam, anonyanyozivikanwa neake nom de de plume of nhất Linh. Chikamu chekuputika kwe Quốc Ngữ zvinyorwa zvakaitika mu1930s, Phong Nham rakabudiswa vhiki nevhiki kwemakore mana akatevera, ndichiburitsa nyaya yayo yekupedzisira munaJune wa 1936.8 Pakazosvika Chikunguru 1933, pepa rakatotaura kutenderera kwevhiki nevhiki rinodarika zviuru gumi, zvichiratidza mukurumbira wakakura uyo wakabva muchikamu chavo kubva mukunakidzwa kwavo uye neunyanzvi hwekuita uye izvo zvirimo.9
Mapeji e Phong Nham yakaratidza nharaunda yemagetsi yemaguta yakakurudzira kuverenga kwayo, ichibatanidza nhau dzazvino nezveruzivo rwemufashoni, kuseka, kufananidzira, uye mabhuku nenzira yematanho akapetwa nyaya nemanovel. Iyo yakauyisawo zviitiko zvitsva semapikicha emashoko (ona Mufananidzo 1).10 Ichi chinyorwa nemifananidzo zvakabirirwa nevashambadziri ivo pachavo vairatidza kusagadzikana kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva nemasevhisi ekutengeserana vachiwedzera kuwanikwa uye zvichikwanisika kune avo vari kukura mumaguta epakati. Zvese zvainge zvichangobva zvipfeko zveEuropean zvekare kupfeka fodya, mishonga patent, mota, nekufambisa mabasa zvakaiswa juxtaposed nezvinyorwa nemifananidzo yevhiki. Saka izvo "zvemazuva ano" zvemukati zvejenari zvaive zvakajeka kubatana neyekuvandudza yaive nemasikirwo mune zvigadzirwa uye sende dzaitengeswa kutengeswa.
Phong Nham uye Ngày Kwete (yakatangwa mu1935) inoratidza chishuwo chekuti vaviri vape mukana wekubuditsa pakuedza kwekunyora kwemupepeti wayo uye musimboti wevanyori nevaenzanisi uye kushanda semhinduro kuchinyorwa chakagadziriswa chemubatanidzwa. Mhepo yekumaodzanyemba [Mhepo kubva kumaodzanyemba].11 Yakarongedzwa naFrancophile neotradiminist phẩm Quỳnh, Mhepo yekumaodzanyemba (1917-1934) yakamiririra kunetsa kweanono-Confucianism iyo yakayedza kushandisa zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro zvakachengetedza pfungwa dzeiyo pfungwa kune inokurumidza kuchinja Vietnamese nzanga ye1920 uye 1930s.12 Nam Mhepo's sezviri pachena kutsigira kwazvino mukutsigira izvo zvakaonekwa nevakawanda seConfucianist zvakabuditsa moto kubva Phong Nham's vanyori, avo vakatsvaga kakawanda kuratidza kuti Confucianism yakanga isingaenderani nenguva dzinochinja.13 Kana iyo yakareba-ichimhanya Mhepo yekumaodzanyemba yakazorega kuburitswa muna 1934, Phong Nham's vagadziri vakanyora zvinyoro-nyoro zvaro.
Lý Toét naCaricature
Lý Toét yakatanga kuoneka mumapeji e Phong Nham Musi waMay 26,1933, patakamuwana achitarisisa ari musana uye akatenderedzwa mumugwagwa-parutivi rwenzira mvura, achishamisika neichi chinoshamisa chechimiro chekunakidzwa kwemafaro (ona Mufananidzo 2).14
Kunyangwe iyi yaive nguva yekutanga kuti amburera-yekuvhata musha unozivikanwa zita, munhu akaonekwa semutematiki anga atove chinhu chinowanzoitika mupepanhau, kunyangwe pazita rakasiyana.15 Hunhu hweArchetypal hwaive husiri hwechigadzirwa chemunhu mumwechete asi fomu yakajairika rakashandisirwa nevakasiyana siyana vemifananidzo. Chokwadi, Phong Nham nguva nenguva yaikoka vaverengi vayo kuendesa Lý Toét mifananidzo uye majee, uye izvo zvakabudiswa zvakaburitsa vagadziri vazvo mutsetse pamupiro wavo, pamwe neapo neapo mubayiro worumwe rudzi.16 Nokudaro, the Lý Toét hunhu hungatariswe neimwe nzira sekuratidzira hwakataridzwa mindite. Aive chiratidzo kwete chechipfupi chiratidzo cheumwe mutungamiriri wekutaura asi pane manzwiro, kutya, uye tariro dzepasirese-chikamu chevanhu vanonzwisisa veVietnam.
Kunyangwe akawanda maenzanisi akashandura Lý Toét nokuti Phong Nham, izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvevaimbi hazviwanzo kuve nyore nyore. Kunyangwe zvakadaro masitayireti eruzhinji aisiyanisa, Lý Toét uye chimiro chake chakasarudzika chaifanirwa kuratidzwa mune akafanana uye anozivikanwa mafomu. Sezvo 1933 kukumbira kwe Lý Toét katuni akayeuchidza vangangove vanopa rubatsiro: "[A] ndezvese zve Lý Toét"Unhu hwacho hwaunotojaira."17 Nekudaro, aigara achiratidzwa nekapepuru, jira refu, uye bhururu yaifarirwa nevarume vemumusha. Aive asiri isina amburera -Ezvisinei, asi kazhinji, mutema-waibata semucherechedzo wemumusha wake, kunyangwe zvaimuonesa seanogara kunze munzvimbo inoyevedza yemaguta. Akasveta kumeso kwechiso, dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya uye dzimwe nguva aisanyatso shongedzwa. Nenzira iyi aive achizivikanwa nekukasira, kunyangwe akanangwa zvakananga mumusoro kana kwete.
Lý Toét yaive chiratidzo chechinhu chitsva chiitiko muVietnamia utori venhau, icho checicicature. Kuiswa kwe caricature kumapeji e Phong Nham uye pakupedzisira chitarisiko cha Lý Toét mune zvese mukana, chigadzirwa cha nhất LinhKufunda kuFrance nguva yekupera kwa1920 uye kutanga kwa1930. Munguva ino nhất Linh yakavonekwa mutsika yeFrance yeicicature yaive, kunyanya kubva kuFrance Revolution, yakashanda semota yekuruma kutaura kwevanhu munezvematongerwo enyika. nhất Linh inoita kunge yakapesvedzera kunyanya neiyo ichangotanga (1915) bepanhau Le canard Enchaine [Iyo Chained Duck], iyo yaive nemukurumbira nekushandiswa kwayo kwecaricature kutaura pamusoro pezviitiko zvezvino.18 Ipo tsika yeFrance ye caricature yaive yakanyanya ezvematongerwo enyika, zvakadaro, uye nepo vamwe ma katuni mukati Phong Nham yakapa chirevo chevanhu vanofunga nezvematongerwo enyika Lý Toét katuni Ivo pachavo vakanyanyisa kutsoropodza vezvematongerwo enyika, vachisarudza m'malo yemagariro uye tsika. Izvi zvairatidza zvese Lý Toét's kunyanya kugona sechiratidzo chekuchinja kwetsika uye chokwadi icho Mutauro weVietnamese mutauro, kunyanya kuchamhembe, vaitongerwa kuremerwa, vachiita zvematongerwo enyika mune chero nzira nzira ine njodzi pakufunga.19
The tsika ye caricature, inodyirwa muVietnam nhất Linh uye zvimwe vamwe, vakawana ivhu rakaorera nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati. Chekutanga chaive chitsva chayo, kunyanya mukati memamiriro ezvinhu epasi Vietnamese anodhinda media, iyo yakaunza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakatorwa pamapepanhau eWestern. Chechipiri kwaive kuseka kwavo, dzimwe nguva zvematongerwo enyika, asi kazhinji kuchiratidzira pane nzanga uye tsika maigara vaverengi. Nguva pfupi ichangotanga kuiswa kwe caricature, se bhurawuni akataura kuti: “[C] vanogadzirisa mabhaisikopo vaishandisa nyowani nyowani yekunetsekana nekunyanyisa. Katuni dzakanaka dzimwe nguva dzaienda kumberi peji, pasina mubvunzo inobatsira kutengesa mapepa. Vanoona cartoonists vakagadzira mifananidzo yakaoma yekumiririra mukuru weFrance, Vietnamese mandarin, mutungamiri wepamusha [kureva, Lý Toét], mukadzi wechidiki wekuMadokero, varombo vehukasha, nevamwe vazhinji. "20 Zvechokwadi, Lý Toét semufananidzo we caricature inonyatsokodzera mukati memapeji e Phong Nham, iyo kubva pabutiro rayo repamberi kusvika kumapeji ayo ekupedzisira yakanga izere nematoto uye caricature, inoratidza zvese kubva kunevematongerwo enyika epasi rose - Hitler neMussini - uye vezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika nevetsika tsika-- Pojat Trong Kim uye Nguyen Van Tam-Kuzvimiririra generic emhando dzenzanga dzaisangisanganisira Lý Toét chete asi boka revamwe, se bhurawuni inoratidza.
Yetatu, uye neimwe nzira, zvinokatyamadza, chikamu chakakurisisa chekukwezva kwaCaricature chaive muchokwadi chekuti kutarisa pamwe nekutaura satire kwakatove nenhoroondo refu mutsika yeVietnam. Kwemazana emakore, veVietnamese vaive nehungwaru hwekugona kuteedzera manhamba kubva kumafambiro ese ehupenyu, asi hapana ainyatsoita kupfuura vakuru vakuru vasinganzwisisike kana vasina ruzivo. Idzi dzaiwanzo kusekwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevaeni. Maakaundi ebasa re Trang Quỳnh [Master Quỳnh], akangwara-nechepasi-literatus uyo aigara aine hutano hwepamusoro hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, vaive chete vakatanhamara mutsika iyi yakakosha. Dzimwe ngano dziri mutsinga iyi dzakanangana nechero Trang Lon [Master Nguruve], uyo aimiririra mukuru wedare sebenzi, uye akatsvaga maitiro mazhinji akashata umo hupenzi hwake uye naivete aigara achimuponesa uye dzimwe nguva achimushandura kuva gamba risingafungirwe.21 Peter Zinoman akataura kuti mutsoropodzi wekunyora Văn Tâm akaona kufanana kwakasimba pakati Trang Lon uye Tsvuku-Tsitsi Xuân, ari pakati penzvimbo Zveushe Trong Phụng's Rumbi Rombo, iye nenzira imwe cheteyo akabudirira kunyangwe (kana kuti zvimwe nekuda kwe) kusaziva kwake.22
Kunyangwe vanhu vepamusoro vekudyidzana vaiwanzo gara muzvinyorwa zvevanhu kana dzimwe tsika dzepamuromo, dzimwe nguva vaiiswa mwenje muchionioni, zvisinei nenzira isiriyo, nenzira yekuvhara huni mhuka dzakasiyana siyana yaimiririra nyika yevanhu. The kushandiswa kwemhuka uye nzanga yemhuka kumiririra vanhu kwaive, hongu, nzira yekupa kupa chirevo nenzira yakasarudzika zvakakwana kuti unzwisiswe pasina kuratidzika kuva unorwisa zvakananga nhamba dzechiremera. Chero zvazvingaitika, kumirirwa kwehuni kwakavanzika kwevakuru kana vehukama sevanhu kunyanya mhuka kwaive imwe nzira yekupa iyo ingangotsanangurwa seecicicature. Uyezve, mifananidzo yakavharidzirwa yehuni yakatowonekwa pamapeji e Phong Nham, kunyangwe iri muchimiro chakavandudzwa, sekushandurwa kwe "Muchato weMakonzo"(ona Mufananidzo 3), iyo yakasanganisa yemazuva ano (mota, magiramufomu, uye chipfeko cheWesternnechero (vanodzimura moto, mabiko omuchato, uye rukudzo kuvabereki).23
Pakupedzisira, zvimwe hazvishamise kuti masikirwo ezvetsika dzakaita seidzi anofanirwa kuve akakosha, kana dzimwe nguva ari mashoma, chikamu chemagazini dzazvino Phong Nham. Zvinhu izvi zvakaratidza mabviro emusha wevamwe vanyori vemadhorobha ema 1930s, uye chokwadi chekuti vagari vemumaguta vazhinji pachavo vakatapurwa kubva mumisha, uye nekudaro vaizotenda kuseka kunzwisisana nekwavo kwetsika, kunyangwe kana kwadzinobva dzimwe nguva chakavanzika.24 Nokudaro, Lý Toét uye nzvimbo yakafara yeicicature yaaimiririra chikamu chidiki chete haifanire kutaridzika senge isiri yega nyika uye kunze kwenyika yekunyora fomu asi zvakadaro sekusanganiswa kwenzira mbiri dzekuseka: iyo tsika yeFrance yezvematongerwo enyika caricature netsika yakatarwa yeVietnam. yemuromo uye inoonekwa satire.
Chikonzero chekupedzisira chekukwirira kwe Phong Nham's mifananidzo -Zviri mukati me Lý Toét caricature uye mune mamwe Katuni - angave ari kugona kwavo kuratidza kufamba uye kufamba. Mazhinji emakatuni aya aisanganisira mafiramu akawanda, zvichiratidza kutevedzana kwezviitiko izvo muverengi aigona kutarira kubva kwavo kutanga kusvika kumagumo. Mamwe aive akatwasanuka-maviripamberi uye shure”Kutevedzera, nepo vamwe vaisanganisira matatu kana anopfuura maforamu uye vakaratidza zviitiko zvakada kufanana nemufananidzo unofamba. Mazhinji emakotuni aya airatidzira njodzi yehupenyu hwemazuva ano hwemaguta, kuratidza idzi njodzi dzakateedzana mifananidzo: majaya achipusha mabhasiketi avo pamusoro pemafura matatu; munhu anofamba achienda, akadzika mukukurukurirana, mumapuranga maviri, uye anobva awira pasi manhole akavhurika mune yechitatu.25 Kunyangwe akawanda Phong Nham mifananidzo iyo yaive nemifananidzo imwechete inogona kuratidza kufamba mukati zvekuti vaitaura pfungwa yezvingaitika mushure: Lý Toét zvave kuda kurohwa nechitima, Lý Toét kuda kubiwa shangu dzake, nezvimwewo. Iko kufamba kunomirirwa pamapeji akadhindwa e Phong Nham inoratidza kumhanya, shanduko, uye simba rezvinoitika mumaguta. Iyi mifananidzo yakateedzerawo, mune dzimwe nzira, svikiro nyowani remafirimu, iro raiwedzera kuve rakakurumbira muHà Nội kutanga kwa 1930s.26
… Pfuurira mberi…
7. Muenzaniso mupfupi anoshanda webasa raNhất Linh uye kupindira kwaPhong Hóa angawane muna Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Guta rinorangarira," muHanoi: Guta reKukwira Dragoni, Ceorges Boudarel naNguyễn Văn Ký (Lanham, MD: Rowman uye Littlefield, 2002), 35-37; onawo Creg Lockhart, "Broken Hwendo: Nhất Linh's 'Kuenda kuFrance'," East Asia Nhoroondo 8 (December 1994): 73-134; zvakare Jamieson, Kunzwisisa Vietnam, 113-114.
8. dzeBhaibheri Jamieson, Kunzwisisa Vietnam, 102.
9. Phong Hoa, Chikunguru 28,1933, p. 3; Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Guta rinorangarira," 34. Nguyễn Văn Ký anofungidzira kuverenga kwehuwandu Phong Nham of vanenge 15,850 uye for Ngày Kwete kuti 7.850. Nguyễn Văn KY, La Societe Vietnamienne,
10. Yokutanga mifananidzo yemifananidzo, semuenzaniso, yakaonekwa munaKurume 17,1933 ( 15) pasi pemusoro unoti “Xếp Chữ Ô” [lit. “Isa mavara mumabhokisi”] uye wobva watsanangura tsanangudzo yakadzama mashandisiro anoita mapikicha akadaro. Mushure meizvozvo mazwi ekumashure aive chinhu chinowanzoitika mumapeji e Phong Nham.
11. Iwo mapepa maviri akafukidzwa kwenguva pfupi muna 1935, asi Ngày Kwete yakaenderera mberi kuburitsa mushure Phong Nham yakavhara gore raitevera.
12. Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism uye iyo Yakatangira yeVietnamese Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, 49.
13. "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," Phong Nham, Kurume 2,1934, peji 2.
14. Phong Nham, Chivabvu 26,1933, p. 5.
Kuti uwane zvimwe pamusoro pekutanga kwaLé Toét kuvambwa kwemurume, ona Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Sangano Vietnamienne,
16. Semuenzaniso, ona kukumbirwa kweLý Toét mipiro mukati Phong Nham, Zvita 15,1933, p. 6. David Marr akataura kuti nyika itsva yemabhuku yakagadzira forum kwete chete yevaverengi asi yevanyori nevaenzanisi zvakare, uye mapeji e Phong Nham, senge zvemamwe mapepanhau akawanda panguva ino, vaiwanzopa zvipo zvevaverengi (Marr, "A Passion for Modernity," 261).
17. Phong Nham, December 15,1933, p. 6.
18. Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Guta Rinorangarira, " Fora kuongorora zvakadzama nezvekwakabva magazini iyoyo, ona Laurent Martin, Le Canard enchaine pane les Fortunes de la vertu: Histoire d'un magazini satirique 1915-2000 [Iyo Chained Duck kana iyo Fortune yeVanhu: Nhoroondo yeSatirical Journal, 1915-2000] (Paris: Figuearion, 2001), kunyanya zvitsauko 1 ne2. Robert Justin Goldstein, Kugadziriswa kwePolitiki Caricature muzana regumi nemapfumbamwe-Century 'France (Kent, OH: Kent State Univeicity Press, 1989); David S. Kerr, Caricature uye French Zvematongerwo enyika Tsika, 1830-1848: Charles Philipon uye Illustrated Press (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).
19. Nekudaro, Katuni kaLý Toét haatomboona sekuzvarwa muVietnam kwemazuva ano kutsoropodza zvematongerwo enyika, sezvakaonekwa munzvimbo dzakaita seIndonesia, kunyangwe zvakazoitika muzana rino ramakore, sekutsanangurwa kwaBenedict Anderson. Benedict Anderson, "Katuni uye Monerals: Iyo Shanduko yeKutaurirana Kwematongerwo enyika pasi peNew Order,”Mune Simba rezvematongerwo enyika uye Kutaurirana muIndonesia, ed. Karl D. Jackson na Lucian W. Pye (Berkeley uye Los Angeles: Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, 1978), 286-301.
20. Marr, "Chishuvo Chazvino," 261-262.
21. Muenzaniso weTrạng Lợn tale yaakawana muHữu Ngọc, Sketches kune Mufananidzo weVietnamese Tsika (Hà Nội: Thế Giới Vaparidzi, 1998), 761-764; kuti uwane zvimwe hurukuro yechinhu ichi cheVietnamese satire, ona mapeji 616-618.
22. Peter Zinoman, sumo ku Rumbi Rombo, naVũ Trọng Phụng, ed. Peter Zinoman, trans, naNguyễn Nguyệt Cầm naPeter Zinoman (Ann Baths: University of Michigan Press, 2002, 13.
23. Phong Nham, December 1,1933, p. 1.
24. Pane panobuda ruzhinji rwemaguta muHanoi, ona Zinoman, sumo kune Rumbi Rombo, 7; onawo Creg Lockhart neMonique Lockhart, sumo kuna Chiedza cheMutungamiriri: Vatatu Vazvino veVietnam Classics (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996), 9-11. Dzinoverengeka Mhepo Vanyori vekutanga vaHóa vaive nyanga mumaruwa, kunyangwe nhoroondo chaiyo yehuwandu hwevanyori vemapepa inonetsa kumisikidza.
25. Semuenzaniso yemabhasiketi akoromoka katuni, ona Phong Nham, Gunyana 29,1934, p. 1; uye Gumiguru 13,1933, p. 8; yekotoni yekufukidzira katuni Phong Nham, August 18,1933, p. 13.
26. Sek, semuenzaniso, Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne, 181-191, iyo inotaura kuti anopfuura mazana mashanu mafirimu akaratidzirwa muHanoi pakati 1937 na 1938.
ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
Ý Lý Toét muGuta - Chikamu 1
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11 / 2019