VIETNAMESE Mutauro weVietnamese uye Vatorwa - Sumo - Chikamu 1

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     The Mutauro weVietnamese Mutauro unowoneka wevanhu veVietnamese uye zvakare rurimi rwaamai of Vietnam vanhu (akatumidzwawo saKinh, iro rakakura dzinza reVietnam. Kuumbwa kwemitauro unoshandiswa nevanhu vese ibasa rakaoma nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwemitauro uye marekitori. Vietnamese yakavakirwa pamanyorerwo enzwi uye akasimbwa. madudziro emazwi ine basa rakakosha kuita mukubatsira kusiyanisa uye kuziva zvinorehwa nezvataurwa. Iko kunewo akawanda maakisi mune Mutauro weVietnamese, pakati peiyo inowanzojairika uye inodikanwa ndeye iyo yekuSouth. Chirevo ichi chinoita senge chakasarudzika kuita sekududziro yazvo kwakadzika kwazvo pachirevo chekusanzwika kwechirevo chekare uye kunyangwe girama. Vietnamese ndeye mutauro wechiMosyllabic neruoko rumwe norumwe rwakatsanangurwa runotakura chimwe chirevo. Zvakare, inopa isingaverengeke pari yemazwi akaomeswa, ayo ane 2, 3 kana kunyangwe yemamwe mharidzo. 

    The Mutauro weVietnamese yakagadzirwa uye yakagadziridzwa kwemazana emakore ikozvino. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga feudal dynasties akashandisa Chinese uye kwete kusvikira kuberekwa kwe Nom [NÃ'm] (Ruzivo rwechidemo) mutauro muzana ramakore rechi 14 raishandiswa mukutaura uye kunyora, kunyanya mukuumba mabhuku. Muzana ramakore rechi 17, Vietnamese kana kureva mutauro wenyika yakavapo. Kwakatangira kwakanyatsoenderana nePutukezi, Spanish, Italy neFrance vanoparadzira vanoshanda muSouth East Asia nyika. 

   Vaya vakagadzira manyorerwo nyowani senzira yekuburitsa Mutauro weVietnamese. Akanyanya kucherechedzwa akabatsira pakuumbwa uye kudzidza Vietnamese panguva iyoyo aive French vicar anonzi Alexandre de Rhode¹ nekubuditsa kwake kweimwe yeduramanzwi rekutanga reVietnamese uye girama inonzi Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin Dictionary. Pakutanga, Vietnamese yakangoshandiswa nechinangwa chekusimudzira asi yakakurumidza kuve yakakurumbira pamutemo apo vanhu veFrance vakamanikidza hutongi hwavo kuVietnam. Kune mamwe ma extents, Vietnamese chaive pakutanga maturusi ekutonga emakoloni, asi ipapo, nekuda kwekureruka kwavo, Vietnamese yakakurumbira. Uyezve, yayo-nyore kududzira alfabhethi system uye musanganiswa yakagonesa kukurira chero kutsoropodzwa.^{2, 3}

    Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, kana zvisinganyanyoitika Việt ngữ) ndiyo national uye mutauro wepamutemo yeVietnam. Irwo rurimi rwaamai 86% yehuwandu hweVietnam, uye vangangoita mamirioni matatu ekune dzimwe nyika Vietnamese. Iyo zvakare inotaurwa semutauro wechipiri nevazhinji madzinza madiki eVietnam. Icho chikamu che Mhuri yemutauro weAustroasiatic⁴, iyo ine vakurukuri zvakanyanya neakakosha marita (kakawanda zvakakura kupfuura mimwe mitauro yeAustroasiatic yakaiswa pamwechete. Zvakawanda zve Mazwi echiVietnamese yakakweretwa kubva kuChinese, uye yaimbonyorwa ichishandisa nzira yekunyora yeChinese, kunyorwa nenzira yakagadziridzwa uye yakapihwa mataurirwo emitauro. Sechinyakare chekutonga kweFrance yekoloni, mutauro unoratidza hunhu hunobva kuFrance, uye Vietnamese kunyora maitiro (Quốc Ngữ) mukushandisa nhasi ishanduro yakagadziriswa ye Alfabheti yechiLatin, iine mamwe madikidiki ematani uye nemamwe mavara.

    sezvo mutauro wenyika Vazhinji vedzinza, Vietnamese inotaurwa muVietnam yose ne Vanhu veVietnamese, pamwe nevechidiki emadzinza. Inotaurwawo munharaunda dzekunze kweVietnamese, zvakanyanya muUnited States, umo iine vanopfuura miriyoni imwe uye iri mutauro wechinomwe unonyanya kutaurwa (ndeyechitatu paTexas, yechina muArkansas neLouisiana, uye yechishanu kuCalifornia. MuAustralia, ndiwo mutauro wechitanhatu unonyanya kutaurwa.

    Maererano neEtnologue, Vietnamese inotaurwa zvakare nenhamba huru yevanhu muCambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Russian Federation, Senegal, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, uye Vanuatu.

    "Pakutanga, seVietnamese ine toni uye nekugovana izwi rakakura neChinese, yakakamurwa kuva Sino-Tibetan.. Gare gare, zvakawanikwa kuti matoni eVietnamese akazviratidza munguva pfupi yapfuura (André-Georges Haudricourt-1954)⁵ uye mutauro weChinese-wakafanana neshoko unokweretwa kubva kuHan Chinese panguva yavo yekugovana1992); izvi zviviri zvinhu zvaive zvisina chekuita nekwakabva Vietnamese. Vietnamese yakazoverengerwa muKam-Tai subfamily ye Daiic pamwe chete naZhuang (kusanganisira Nùng naTày muNorth Vietnam) uye Thai, mushure mekubvisa chimiro chechina cheChinese. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo Daic zvinhu vaitokweretwa kubva Zhuang munhoroondo yavo refu yekuve vavakidzani.André-Georges Haudricourt), kwete mavambo epakutanga eVietnam. Pakupedzisira, Vietnamese yakaverengerwa mukati Austroasiatic mitauro mhuri⁴, ivo Mon-Khmer mhuri, Vietnam-Moung bazi (1992) mushure mezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa. Kinh ndiyo nhamba yakakura muVietnam. Zvinoenderana neFudan University ya2006 yekudzidza, ndeye Mon-Khmer mune mitauro, asi hapana izwi rekupedzisira kwarinobva.

    Henri Maspero⁶ in the they Vietnamese Mutauro of Thai-Yakavamba, naBaba Vadzoreri Souvignet akaritsvaga Indo-Mala boka. AG Haudricourt⁵ akange aramba pfungwa dzeMasipero⁶ uye akagumisa kuti Vietnamese yakaiswa zvakakodzera mumhuri yeAustroasiatic. Hapana kana imwe yedzidziso idzi inonyatsotsanangura kwakabva Mutauro weVietnamese. Chinhu chimwe chete, zvisinei, chinoramba chine chokwadi: Vietnamese haisi mutauro wakachena. Inotaridzika sekusanganisa mitauro inoverengeka, yekare uye yemazuva ano, inosangana munhoroondo yese ichitevera kutaurirana kwakateerana pakati pevanhu vekunze nevanhu veVietnam.

   Ndichiri kutaura nezvazvo Vanhu veVietnamese Kwemamirenia, zvakanyorwa Vietnamese haina kuzova mutauro wepamutemo weVietnam kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi20. Kwemazhinji eayo nhoroondo, chinzvimbo ichi chava kuzivikanwa seVietnam chaishandiswa kunyorwa Chinese. Muzana ramakore rechi 13, zvisinei, nyika yakagadzirwa Chữ nôm, chirongwa chekunyora chichi shandisa mavara echiChinese ane mafonetiki zvinhu kuti zviratidzike zviri nani matani anobatana nemutauro weVietnam. Chữ nôm yakaratidzwa kuve yakanyanya kunaka kupfuura mavara echiChinese ekuti yakashandiswa zvakanyanya munhoroondo yegumi nenomwe negumi nenomwe kwedzidziso dzenhetembo nemabhuku. Chữ nôm yakashandiswa nekuda kwekutonga munguva pfupi Hồ uye Tây Sơn Dynasties⁷. Munguva yechiFrance kukoloni, French yakamisikidza Chinese mukutonga. Kwakanga kusati kuri kusununguka kubva kuFrance uko Vietnamese yakashandiswa zviri pamutemo. Ndiwo mutauro wekudzidzisa muzvikoro nemayunivhesiti uye ndiyo mutauro webhizimusi repamutemo.

     Kufanana nedzimwe nyika zhinji dzeAsia, nekuda kwehukama hwepedyo neChina kwezviuru zvemakore, mazhinji acho Vietnamese lexicon zvine chekuita nesainzi nezvematongerwo enyika zvinotorwa kubva kuChina. Anosvika makumi matanhatu muzana muzana welexical stock ine Chinese midzi, isingabatanidzi yakatemwa izwi mazwi kubva kuChina, kunyangwe mazwi mazhinji akaumbwa akaumbwa neanobva. Vietnamese mazwi zvakabatanidzwa nezvikwereti zveChinese. Mumwe anogona kutsauranisa pakati pechivanhu chizvarwa chechiVietnamese nekukwereta kweChinese kana ichigona kuchinjwazve kana zvarinoreva hazvichinje kana toni yashandurwa. Nekuda kwekugarwa kweFrance, Vietnamese kubvira yaive nemazwi mazhinji akakweretwa kubva ku Mutauro wechiFrench, Semuyenzaniso iyo kofi (kubva kuFrench coffee). Mazuva ano, mazwi mazhinji matsva ari kuwedzerwa kududziro yemutauro nekuda kwekuremerwa kwetsika nemagariro eWestern; idzi dzinowanzo kukweretwa kubva kuChirungu, semuenzaniso TV (kunyange kazhinji kazhinji inoonekwa mune yakanyorwa fomu se tivi. Dzimwe nguva izvi kukweretesa macarati anoshandurwa chaizvo muchiVietnamese (semuenzaniso, software inokwenenzverwa mu phần mềm, zvinoreva kuti "chikamu chakapfava").⁸

… Enderera muchikamu chechipiri…

ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
◊  VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE yeVietnamese nevatorwa - Vietnamese Alphabet - Chikamu 2
◊  VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE yeVietnamese neVatorwa - Vietnamese Consonants - Chikamu 3
◊  VIETNAMESE Mutauro weVietnamese nevatorwa - Vietnamese Matani - Chikamu 4
◊  VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE yeVietnamese neVatorwa - Vietnamese Consonants - Chikamu 5

ZVINYORWA:
¹ Alexandre de Rhodes, SJ [15 March 1591 muAvignon, Papal States (ikozvino muFrance) - 5 Mbudzi 1660 muIsfahan, Persia] aive muAvignonese Jesuit mumishinari uye munyori weduramazwi aive nemhedzisiro yechiKristu muVietnam. Akanyora iyo Duramazwi Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, duramazwi rekutanga mumitauro mitatu yeVietnamese-Portuguese-Latin, rakaburitswa muRome, muna 1651.
²  Kwayaka: Lac Viet Computing Corporation.
³  Kwayaka: IRD New Tech.
⁴ Mitauro yeAustroasiatic, inozivikanwawo seMon Khmer, mhuri yemitauro mikuru yeMainland Southeast Asia, yakapararirawo munzvimbo dzese dzeIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal, nekumaodzanyemba kweChina. Kune akakomberedza mamirioni e117 vatauri veAustroasiatic mitauro. Pamitauro iyi, maVietnamese, Khmer neMon chete vane nhoroondo yakarebesa uye Vietnamese neKhmer chete vane chinzvimbo chepamutemo semitauro yemazuva ano yenyika (muVietnam neCambodia, zvichiteerana).
⁵  André-Georges Haudricourt (Ndira 17, 1911 muParis - Nyamavhuvhu 20, 1996 muParis) aive French botanist, anthropologist uye mitauro.
⁶  Henri Paul Gaston Maspero15 Zvita 1883 muParis - 17 Kurume 1945 muBuchenwald musasa wevasungwa, Weimar Nazi Germany) aive chiremba wechivi wechiFrench uye purofesa uyo akapa kune dzakasiyana misoro ine chekuita neEast Asia. Maspero anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nezvidzidzo zvake zvekupayona zveDaoism. Akaiswa mujeri nevaNazi panguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye akafira mumusasa wevasungwa weBuchenwald.
⁷  Zita iro Tây Sơn (Nhà Tây Sơn 家 西山) inoshandiswa munhoroondo yeVietnamese munzira dzakasiyana siyana kureva nguva yekumukira kwevarombo uye madzishe akasarudzwa pakati pekuguma kwemusoro wemadzishe Lê muna 1770 uye kutanga kweimba ye Nguyễn muna 1802. Zita revatungamiriri vevapanduki ' dunhu repamba, Tây Sơn, rakauya kuzoshandiswa kune vatungamiriri ivo (hama dzaTây Sơn: kureva, Nguyễn Nhạc, Huệ, uye Lữ), kumukira kwavo (iyo Tây Sơn Kumuka) kana kutonga kwavo (the [Nguyễn] Tây Sơn dzinza).
⁸  Kwayaka: Iyo Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
Image Musoro wemusoro - Kunobva:  vi.wikipedia.org 
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02 / 2020