VIETNAM, CIVILISATION uye CULTURE - NHASI

Hits: 735

NaPIERRE HUARD¹
uye MAURICE DURAND²
École Française D'Extrême-Orient³, Hanoi.

   Ahupenyu hwe nimal hungori gadziriso yakananga uye yakananga kune nharaunda umo inosiya zvese sezvazviri. Nemunhu, kuti "chisikwa chakasiyana", Hakusi kungoenderana nemamiriro epasi chete asiwo nekumukira kureva kugadzirwa kwezvinhu nenzira yekufunga kwemweya zvine chinangwa chekusimbisa kusingaperi kwemapoka evanhu nekudzivirira kubviswa kwavo kubva kune hutsinye. Nekudaro, budiriro uye tsika zvakakodzera kuzvarwa.

    Civilization inomiririra nzira dzese, zvigadzirwa uye zvakawanikwa izvo vanhu vanoronga hupenyu hwavo hwekunze. Kutsika, pachezvayo imwe nzira yekurarama hupenyu hwemunhu uye kushongedza nhandaro yemunhu, inobatanidza huwandu hwezvisikwa zvakazvimiririra zvezvinhu zvipenyu chete izvo boka redzinza rinoedza kuratidza maitiro aro emukati, zvinodiwa zvemweya uye pfungwa dzecosmological.

   Each civilization ine maitiro ayo ehuwandu hwevanhu, maitiro ayo ekurarama uye kufa, mararamiro ayo pamwe nedanho rayo retsika. Chiremerera chemunhu uye kungwara hazvigone kuyerwa nehupenyu hwepamusoro, nekudaro, danho repamusoro rebudiriro rinogona kuenderana nemwero wetsika. Muchiitiko ichi, pane kudzikisira nekudzikisirwa kwezivo kuitira kuti iparadzirwe kune ruzhinji. Chiyero chepamusoro chetsika hachibvumi kunyadziswa. Inosimudza varume pamusoro pavo kuti vangave vakawanda sezvinobvira kuti vasvike mufaro wepfungwa. Iyo inogona kunge iine se substratum isingakoshi yenyama nyaradzo ine ascetical maitiro. Iyi ndiyo nyaya ye Vietnam uye iyo yevarombo uye yakawandisa Maodzanyemba nharaunda yekumaruwa. SaP. GOUROU⁴ yataura, "kunyangwe ichishupika, haigare zvisina tsarukano, uye kunyangwe ichitsvaga kwekushomeka kwemubhadharo wakadzikira pamwe nekugamuchirwa kwekuzvininipisa kwebasa risingakundiki nyika dzakasimukira zvakanyanya, pamwe netsika Chinese kukurudzira kuenzaniswa neese makuru eekirasi tsika.

    The Vietnamese Tsika uye Civilization saka zvinoumba izvo zvakasarudzika zvakasikwa umo Vietnamese vari pane imwechete lime, vagadziri uye zvisikwa. Vakanamatira kwavari, vakati budiriro netsika vanozviisa mukati menguva yenhoroondo uye vova, vemarudzi pamwe nevatorwa, "nyika inozivikanwa kumunhu wese”Yakataurwa naARISTOTLE⁵, chimiro chakanangidzirwa kumabasa akasiyana siyana anoitwa mukati Vietnam mukati mekuti munhu wese anofanira kuzvizivisa kana kadhi rino rikakwana, panenge paine kusaenzana pakati pemunhu uye izvi ”nyika yakajairwa”Uye manyuko ekukakavara haangagoni kudziviswa.

   Vulgarizing zvinhu zvinokosha zve Vietnamese Civilization uye Tsika iyo iyo fundo yave iri yekumanikidzwa mune zvese Franco - Vietnamese zvikoro wedhigirii rekutanga nerechipiri zvaizoreva kubatsira kunzwisisa chikamu cheizvozvo "nyika“. Tentalives akaendeswa kune izvi uye isu tine chikwereti kuna Mr. NGUYEN VAN HUYEN⁶ rimwe remabasa akanakisa. Hauna kana chinangwa chekudzokorora basa rake. Ndichakamirira kunyorwa na Vadzidzi veVietnamese a Vietnamese Encyclopedia, basa ratove rinokosha uye rinokosha, chinangwa chedu ndechekungopa basa rekuita kune vese vanoda kuziva vanoda kuziva tsika Vietnam akararama kare.

   Wakabatanidza kukosha kukuru io iconography. Mabasa makuru aHENRI J. OGER⁷ (1908) uye JG BESSON⁸ (1938) vakatibatsira zvishoma. Takatora yakakura muhombe yemifananidzo yedu zvimwe kubva kumabasa ekushopera kweanochema GEORGES DUMOUTIER⁹ (1850-1904), kana kubva ku chreslomalhy yeEC. NORDEMANN¹⁰ (1914), uye zvakare kubva a Mutauro weVietnamese yeTISSOT¹¹. Hunhu hwavo, nehunhu hunokwezverwa zvine mwero, vanopa zvinowanzoitika Vietnamese hunhu.

   Obasa rako rinodonhedzwa nekuzvidira pakutanga kwe20^th zana, panguva iyo sezvakaita vese Kunyanya-Oriental tsika, ivo Vietnamese budiriro yakanga yakamisikidzwa neiyo ye Madokero. Panguva iyoyo, Vietnamese hupfumi yakaramba yakasimba uye, sezvo makore zviuru zviviri kusvika apfuura akange apfuura Neolithic, nhanho kuenda kuimba yakavharwa redunhu kune iyo Pre-indasitiri. Kuenderera mberi kwekutsiva kweiyo tangi uye iyo yekutengesa kune dzimwe nyika zvigadzirwa zvemunharaunda, zvakadyiwa nevagadziri, yarova zvakanyanya, mune Vietnam pamwe chete Europe, kugadzikana kwemaitiro ekumaruwa aigara pamwe chete nekwavo nehupenyu hwekugara uye hunyanzvi hwakauya kubva pakadzika kwe prehistory (VARRAGNAC¹³).

   UNekuonekwazve kwemaitiro avo ekunze, pani dzakakosha dzetsika dzechinyakare dzakangodzoserwa kumashure nekushungurudzika kwakanyanya kana kushoma. Runako rwemamiriro ekunze ekutsamira kwenyika, anoratidzwa mu“baba naamai ''manejimendi, hud yakanganiswa, iyo Vietnamese "psyche”Yakatyamadzwa zvikuru nekushandurwa kwakange kwaitwa nehondo yenyika. Hatifanirwe kuzvibata pachedu pano nekushungurudza uku. Isu tinongofanira kuzvibvunza kana, nerubatsiro rwezviitiko izvi zvakaoma, vaizozviita Vietnamese tsika kuve nekukwanisa, sekufambiswa kwemaitiro ekumadokero kwave kuchiita kubvira diki refu, kuzvitsanangura nezvazviri.

   DInoziva here kuti rimwe remabasa evanhu ipurasitiki, kusikwa kusingagumi kwehutsika hutsva kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kumamiriro ezvinhu mumativi ose: sainzi, manzwiro, kunaka, zvechitendero uye unyanzvi?

   Izvinogoneka, nekuti zvakawanda Vietnamese vane ruzivo vakawana yakakwana auto-kutsoropodza kuti vapinde nepamoyo yavo tsika, vozvishandura kuita chidzidzo chekudzidza uye nokudaro vanokunda kuzvimiririra kwavo neruremekedzo kune zvataurwa zvataurwa.

     Tkushandisa nzira dzesainzi hakurevi zvachose kubviswa zvachose kwechitendero uye chitsvene, kubviswa kwakadaro kwakaratidza kuve kune ngozi. Chikonzero hachigadziri madingindira acho. Il inovagamuchira kubva kuNhema, nzira yeruzivo rwekuita, inofambirana neruzivo rwepfungwa iyo inopedzisa. Nhasi-zuva Vietnamese vafundisi vanofanirwa kuvimbisa zvese zvetsika yavo, "kwete kuti varambe kune tsika dzekumadokero, asi kuti vagamuchire uye nekuzvishongedza, vachishandisa icho chikafu chavo panzvimbo pekuchichinjisa icho chinoremerwa, uye vachiziva tsika iyoyo asi vasingagare pamuganho wayo, kungofanana nevanyori vezvinyorwa uye vanodya bhuku (RABINDRANATH TAGORE¹⁴. Vakuru vakadaro vanofanirwa zvakare kunzwisisa kukosha kwesainzi uye tekinoroji mune kufambiswa kweanorarama nevarume.

   On maonero aya, Vietnamese yenyika magakava anozviwana, panguva ino, ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kwazvo ekupa kuzvinhu zvakasiyiwa nebudiriro yavo kukosha kwavo kwakakodzera. Asi mashandiro maitiro uye budiriro haina kupokana. Ivo vanogona, maringe nemaitiro avanoshandiswa kusunungura pfungwa kubva pazvisungo zvaro zvakasimba nehupenyu hwezvinhu pamwe nevarume vanoita zvinyama.

   Tanogara achifunganya, kuti Vietnamese tsika lias yakaratidzwa mukati memazana emakore, kwete kutora chero chinhu chekunze (Hindu, Chinese, Cham kana Western) pasina kuedza kumanikidza pachayo hunhu hwayo hwehumwe, inoita warondedzero kuti ine kubatana kwakaringana kurwisa kuzvimanikidza kwekunze uye ramba uchiratidzira hukama hwacho hwakagadzika pakati Masimba matatu eChisiko (Tam tai): Denga, Pasi neMunhu.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
+ H. OGER. Yese sumo yekudzidza kwemaitiro evanhu veannamese, chinyorwa chehupenyu hwenyama, hunyanzvi uye maindasitiri evanhu veAnnam, Paris, Geuthner, 1908.

+ ED. NODEMANN. Annamese chrestomathy, Hanoi 1914.
+ JULES G. BESSON. Yakadhirowewa monografia yeIndochina (Tonquin, Annam, Cochinchina), Paris Geuthner, 1938.

+ H. TISSOT. Superior Kosi yeAnnamese, Hanoi 1910.
+ NGUYEN VAN HUYEN. Kubudirira kweAnamese, Hanoi 1943.
+ A. VARAGNAC. Kubudirira kwechivanhu nemhando yehupenyu, Paris, 1948.

ZVINYORWA :
◊ Nzvimbo: Connaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Revised 3rd Edition 1998, Iprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Yakashandurwa na VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Musoro wemusoro, une sepia mufananidzo uye zvese zvinotorwa zvakaiswa naBan Tu Thu - gvanevachar.com

ONA ZVAKAWANDA :
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Yekutanga shanduro - fr.VersiGoo
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Vietnamese shanduro - vi.VersiGoo
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Yese VersiGoo (yeJapan, Russian, Rumanian, Spanish, Korean, ...