Viet-Nam, Budiriro uye Tsika - ZVINOITA

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NaPIERRE HUARD¹
(Kudza Nhengo yeÉcole Française d'Extrême-Orient)
uye MAURICE DURAND²
(Nhengo yeÉcole Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Yakagadziridzwa 3rd edition 1998, Iprimerie Nationale Paris,

     Brefu avo vanozvipira kune amentation nemaitiro ekupfeka (ona zvitsauko XIV, XV, XVI), vashandi vanogona kukamurwa sezvinotevera:

1° mhizha dzinoshanda pasimbi (tinmen, bronze-founder, jewellers, niellists, makoni anokanda, vagadziri vezvombo);
2° Ceramist mhizha (vagadziri vehari, vagadziri vevhu, vagadziri vevhu, vagadziri vematairi, vagadziri vezvidhinha);
3° mhizha dzinoshanda pahuni (majoin, makabati-vagadziri, vavezi, vanodhinda, vanogadzira mapepa, vavezi vemugungwa, vavezi);
4° Mhizha vachiita machira (vanoruka donje, jute, varuki vedonje, vagadziri vematengu, vagadziri veseiri, vagadziri vetambo, vagadziri veparasoli, vanogadzira mat, vagadziri vemabhegi, vanogadzira mapofu, vagadziri vengowani, vagadziri vemajasi nevanogadzira hammock);

5° mhizha dzinoshanda pamatehwe (vagadziri vematehwe nevagadziri veshangu);
6° Lacquerware mhizha;
7 ° Vavezi vematanda nematombo;
8° mhizha dzinoshanda pamateko, nyanga nenzou;
9° Mhizha kugadzira zvinhu zvekunamatira.

     A chikamu chikuru chemhizha idzi dzaive vashandi vakasununguka. Asi ivo Huế Dare havana kusiyanisa nyanzvi kubva kune mhizha uye vakave nemisangano yechokwadi yehurumende yaisanganisira varukeri, vanoisa inlays, niellists, lacquerers, vavezi, vagadziri venyanga dzenzou nezvishongo.

     Vmaturusi eetnamese ari nyore, akareruka, ari nyore kugadzira, akagadziridzwa zvakakwana kumatambudziko ayo akangwara anofanirwa kugadzirisa mukushivirira uye kusayedza kuchengetedza nguva yake.

      Svashandi uye mabhoti zvinowanzotsiviwa nehuni-makona. Zvishandiso zvechizvino-zvino zvekushandisa ndezvi: marevhera, mavhiri, kutsemura mapuranga, weding press, [Peji 188] mazino mavhiri, ekisi-muti uye mavhiri elocomotory, hydraulic force. (zvigayo zvemvura, zviyo zvemupunga), pedal motors dzevanhu, sowing-harrows, mavhiri madiki nemapiston (iyo mabviro aiita seanodzokera kumaodzanyemba-oriental synthetic tsika mukati umo sino-Vietnamese tsika yaizove yakasarudzika pachayo).

     Mercier akanyatso kusimbisa hunhu hwematurusi aya. Asi, isu tiri kure nekuve, pane iyi nyaya, yakaenzana ne Rudolf Hummer's China kubasa.

     Cvanogadzira matanda panguva imwe chete vatengesi. Kuda VaRoma uye maEuropean medieval, vanochengeta maakaundi avo vasingashandisi peni neingi kuverenga. Maverengero akadai akatsiviwa neChinese abacus. Mumwe hunhu ku Luong The Vinh (chiremba muna 1463) bhuku remasvomhu rine musoro unoti “Toán pháp đại thành" (Complete calculation method) ikoko kungadai kwakave kushandurwa kwebhuku na Vũ Hũu, mumwe wevakararama panguva yake, achirapa nekushandiswa kweabhacus. Vatengesi veChinese vachiri kushandisa abacus, asi veVietnamese vavanoshanda navo vanoita kunge vakairasa. Despierres akaita ongororo yazvino pamusoro payo.

    Shop-zviratidzo dzimwe nguva zvinoratidza mazita evaridzi. Ivo vanowanzo gadzira chete zita rekutengesa, rine maviri, dzimwe nguva evatatu maChinese mavara (kana zvinyorwa zvavo zvechiLatin) zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka.

    Tiye hunhu xương (chinese transcription tch'ang) zvinoreva kuti"kubwinya"Uye"budiriro” anopa Vĩnh Phát Xương “kubudirira kusingaperi” kana kuti Mỹ Xương “kunaka kunofadza”. Mamwe mazita ekutengesa pamwe Vạn Bảo (zviuru gumi zvematombo anokosha), Đại Hưng (kukura kukuru), Quý Ký (noble mark) uye Yên Thành (perfect peace).
A tsika yaiwanzoitwa pakati pevatengesi yaiva yeđõt vía đốt van.

      Cvatengesi vanogona kunge vaine imwe nguva vía lành or vía tốt (moyo wakanaka, moyo wakanaka), pane imwe nguva vía xấu or vía dữ (mweya yakaipa, yakaipa). Kana moyo wemutengi wekutanga uri zvakaipa or dữ anobuda muchitoro asina chaatenga, mushure mekutaurirana kwenguva refu, saka, vatengi vanotevera vanogona kunyatsomutevedzera.

     IMumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, muridzi wechitoro anofanira kumisa njodzi mukucheka nekupisa zvidimbu zvinomwe zveshanga zvengowani yake kana mutengi ari murume, uye zvidimbu zvipfumbamwe, kana mutengi ari mukadzi. Anotaura panguva imwe chete chirevo chinotevera:

             Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía thì đi.
         "Ini ndinopisa mweya, ndinopisa murume ane moyo yakaoma, mukadzi ane moyo wehutsinye, uye ndinoshuvira kuti mweya yakanaka isare uye yakaipa iende.. "

       Azvichikonzerwa nokutenda mashura kumwe cheteko, nguva imwe neimwe pavanotanga kuvhiyiwa, vapambi vanouraya mupfuuri wokutanga wavanosangana naye.

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ZVINYORWA :
◊ Kunobva: Connaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Revised 3rd Edition 1998, Iprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Yakashandurwa na VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Musoro wemusoro, unoratidzwa sepia mufananidzo uye zvese zvinotemerwa zvakaiswa Ban Tu Thu - gvanevachar.com

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