Mhando dzeMARI YEMADZIKONI ZVIKORO kuburikidza neZVINZWISIRO DYNASTIES
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Munguva yekushanduka kwevanhu kubva kunhoroondo yekare yekare, humambo hune simba kuMabvazuva (Mongolia, China,…) kana kuMadokero (Roma, Girisi,…) yaigara ichida kukurira nyika dzakashata mukati kana kunze kwedunhu kuti vagutse mafungiro avo ehumambo.
Zvakare, munhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka munhoroondo dzazvino uye dzazvino, nyika dzekumadokero dzakagadziridzwa zviwanikwa zvesainzi (magetsi, muputi, ngarava, zvombo) vakawana nzira dzavo dzekupinda nyika dzichiri kusimukira nekuvabata zvisina kunaka semakoroni kuti vashandire democracy uye capitalism.
Munguva yekushanduka, Vietnam [Vhetinamu] chakava chinangwa chekupinda "kuti abudiswe".
Naizvozvo, Vietnamese budiriro yakakanganiswa nehupfumi hwakawanda kubva kuChina, Japan, India, Europe, United States.
Kubva pamadzinza akakweretesa mutauro weChinese netsika kuti vakudziridze tsika dzerudzi panguva yepamberi nhoroondo yekare, munhoroondo dzazvino uye dzazvino (kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore re19), Vietnam [Vhetinamu] akashandura kushandisa zvinyorwa zvechiLatin munyika yeChina1 muEast Asia: An [An] (Vietnam), Dong (Chammhembe Koria), Yamato (Japani),….
Kubva pamazuva ekare kusvika kune zvazvino nhoroondokudzamara uto reFrance raisa hutongi hwavo pamusoro peVietnam mukupera kwezana ramakore re19), iyo yetsika dzidzo tsika mu Vietnam [Vhetinamu] yakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya neyekutanga kweConfucian kwezviuru zvemakore enhoroondo.
Naizvozvo, kudzidzisa iro rinotonga boka kubatsira kubatsira kudzivirira nekusimudzira the feudal dynasties, iyo nzira yekudzidzira inoshandiswa mukati Vietnam [Vhetinamu] kuwana matarenda kwainge kwakasiyana nemuenzaniso weChinese.
Kuedza kuti tizive nezvenyaya iyi, tinogona kuenda muchidimbu kuburikidza nekutanga zvirimo sekutevera:
Nyika yeVietnamina yakakurumidza kufunga nezvenzira dzedzidzo kusarudza zviwanikwa zvevanhu uye kushandisa vanhu vane tarenda kugara nhaka yeushe kana kwesimba uye shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika.
Pakusarudza vatungamiriri vemauto kudare remakurukota, maive nenzira mbiri:
The yekutanga nzira iri kusarudza ichitsamira pamipiro yemunhu uye zvaakakodzera kana nhengo dzemhuri yepfuma. Vanhu vakasarudzwa nenzira iyi havana kuenda kuburikidza nekudzidziswa. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa zana ramakore regumi neshanu risati rasvika.
The yechipiri nzira kudzidziswa kwenyanzvi. Nhengo dzemhuri yeumambo vaive vatungamiriri vemauto vaizodzidziswa kusimudzirwa zviri pamutemo muzvikoro zvetsiva. Giang Vo [Giảng Võ] Chikoro chaive chikoro chekutanga chemutambo wetsiva panguva iyoyo.
Giang Vo [Giảng Võ] Chikoro chakavakirwa mukati Pojat [Bare] Dzinza (1253. Yakanga iri nzvimbo yevakuru vemauto uye nhengo dzehumambo kudzidzira zvehondo zvekusarudzwa. Kubva pachikoro ichi chemauto, iro bhuku reMauto rakanyorwa, iro raive bhuku rekunyorwa nezvezvakaitika panhandare dzekurwira chaiko.
Naizvozvo, mauto mazhinji akakurumbira akarongwa pamusoro akawanikwa munguva Pojat [Bare] Dzinza.
Nekudaro, yega yega madzimba emambo aive nezvavo kusarudza. Kubva pakutanga Le [Le] Dzinza (986), kusarudzwa kwevarwi kwaingoenderana nehukama hwemuviri (miviri yakagwinya)mutambo wetsiva unoita).
The Le [Le] madzitateguru aive nenzira yavo yekusarudza. Kusvikira kutonga kwa Le Du Tong [Lê Dụ Tông] (nguva yezita inonzi Bao Thai [Bảo Thái]), sarudzo dzakateedzerwa dziya mukati mekutonga kweDuong, Tong, ThanhĐĐ[Trinh Cuong's]Trịnh Cường] kutonga), iyo yakatevera nzira yenyika dzakawanda panguva yaishandiswa neChina, nyika yakasimba ine pesvedzero munzvimbo yakakura, kunyanya kuEast Asia (Japan, Korea, Vietnam).
Mushure maizvozvo, bvunzo dzekutanga dzehondo dzakatanga Giang Vo [Giảng Võ] Chikoro muna 1721 (gore rechipiri muBao Thai [Bảo Thái] anotonga. Paive nemamarins anonzi giao thu [giáo thụ] (mandarins achitarisira dzidzo muguta) aicherekedza iyo yemaartistal ejenari emamarinine neyemharidzo yakadanwa inonzi Mauto classics.
Kusvikira kutonga kwa Le Du Tong [Lê Dụ Tông] (1721) iyo nzira itsva yekudzidzisa yakashandiswa kune wese munhu, nenzira yatinodaidza kuti socialization mazuva ano. Vo hoc [Võ học] saka, hofisi yekufunda zvemitambo (muguta guru Thang Long [Thăng Long]) yakanga iri pasi pesimba remutambi anoshanda.
Kubva ipapo, mitemo nemirairo yemakwikwi emitambo yemakwikwi yakaiswa, zvakanyanya sekusarudzika kwemamarins mabhuku.
Nepo makwikwi emabhuku akarongwa kuita nhanho nhatu dze "thi huong, thi hoi,"[Thi hương, thi hội, thi đình] (bvunzo dzematunhu, kuongorora kwedhorobha, bvunzurudzo yedare), kukwikwidza kwehondo yemitambo yakaitwa pamatanho maviri chete. Chikamu chekutanga chaive Saka cu [Sở cử] (thi Huong [thi Hương); danho Rechipiri rakanga riri Bac cu [Bác cử] (mai Hoi [thi Hội]).
Makwikwi acho aive akaomesesa zvekuti mudetembi Tran Te Xuong [Trần Tế Xương] ainetseka mumabvunzo ake. Akasekerera achiti:
Kwemakore masere aisakwanisa kubatsira kutyora mutemo wekunyora bvunzo [Tám năm không khỏi phạm trường quy].
Mirairo yaishandiswa zvakadzama kumakwikwi ezvemabhuku uye emitambo yemakwikwi. Tafura yemirairo kazhinji yaigona kuoneka kunze kwechikoro kuti vanenge vachifanira kuziva. H. Oger akanyora zvinyorwa 'zvemukati asi Han Nom [Chinesse] chivharo chehuni chakange chidiki kwazvo kuti chigone kutorwa.figiri. Kana iri yemakwikwi ehondo yemitambo, mutemo wekutanga waisafanira kuunza chero mabhuku. Nekudaro, dzimwe nguva mabhuku aikopwa muzviyero zvidiki pane peel yembeu ye jackfruit (mazuva ano vadzidzi vanoshandisawo makopi madiki anonzi phao [kubiridzira mune bvunzo]).
CHERECHEDZA:
1: LÉON VANDERMEERSCH, Le nouveau monde sinisé, Paris: Seuil, 1985.
◊ Mufananidzo - Kunobva: Nguyễn Mạnh Hùng mu “Kỹ thuật của người An Nam” (Technique du peuple Annamite) yaH. Oger muHanoi (1908 -1909)
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019
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