Kuzvarwa kweVietnam - Sumo - Chikamu 1

Hits: 619

Keith Weller Taylor^*

ziviso

    Iri bhuku riri pamusoro Vietnam [Vhetinamu] kubva ku kutanga yenhoroondo yakanyorwa mu zana rechitatu BC. kusvika kuzana regumi, kutonga kwechiChinese paakapera uye humambo hwakazvimiririra hweVietnamese hwakagadzwa. Pakati peaya makore gumi nemaviri, veVietnam vakavapo kubva munharaunda yakapatsanuka mukati me "nyika yekumaodzanyemba-yegungwa" kuva nhengo yakasarudzika yeEast Asia tsika yenyika. Maitiro akareba aya aive kuberekwa kwenhoroondo yeVietnam [Vhetinamu].

    VaChinese vanyori venhoroondo uye vechiFrench sinologists vakabata iyi nguva yenhoroondo yeVietnam sebazi renhoroondo yeChinese. Ivo vaona Vietnam [Vhetinamu] isingasviki mudunhu rinodzora rehumambo hweChina, rakaropafadzwa neChina "kubudiriraSimba. Vanyori venhau vemuVietnamese, kune rumwe rutivi, vanotarisa ino nguva senguva apo madzitateguru avo airwira pasi pehutongi hwevatorwa, iri nguva yekuzivikanwa kwavo kwenyika kuyedzwa nekunatswa. Kuti uwane maonero akanaka, zvakakosha kufunga nezve ese ari maviri ruzivo nezve Vietnam [Vhetinamu] yakanyorwa nevanyori venhau dzeChinese nehunhu hwenhoroondo dzino chengetedza izvo zveVietnamese dzakayeuka kubva panguva ino.¹

   Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti sosi yemuno "Vietnameseness”Akapona asina kugadzikana nemoto wekutonga kweChinese. Kune imwe nhambo izvi ichokwadi, nekuti mutauro weVietnamese wakapona, sezvaiitwa netsika dzekare kubva panguva yakatangira chiChinese. Asi vese vari vaviri Mutauro weVietnamese uye zvengano tsika dzakashandurwa kuburikidza nehukama hwepedyo neChina.

   Gumi rechiVietnamese vaive vakasiyana kwazvo nemadzitateguru avo emakore gumi nemaviri zvisati zvaitika. Vakanga vakura kuti vanzwisise China sezvo chete muranda anogona kuziva tenzi wake; vaiziva China zvakanyanya uye pazvakaipa kwazvo. Ivo vaigona kunakidzwa nekunyora nhetembo mukati T'ang-maitiro ndima, asi ivo vanogonawo kuve vanotyisa mukupokana kwavo neChina mauto. Vakanga vava nyanzvi pakupona mumumvuri woukuru hwesimba pasi pano.

    Vietnamese rusununguko haina kungoerekana yaonekwa muzana ramakore regumi chete nekuda kwekushaiwa simba kweChinese. China haina kutongorega kodzero yaro yekufungidzira yekutonga iyo Vietnamese uye yaedza kanopfuura kamwe chete kuyedza kutongazve Vietnam. Asi, pakazosvika zana regumi, Vietnamese yakanga yagadzira mweya nehungwaru hunokwanisa kuramba simba reChinese. Uyu mweya nehungwaru zvakakura mukati memazana emakore ekutonga kweChinese; yakadzika midzi mukutendiswa yakabatirwa neVietnamese kuti ivo vaive vasiri, uye vasingade kuve, Chinese.

    Zvave zvichifungwa kuti Vietnamese rusununguko zvakakonzerwa neChinese simba, kuti kukurudzira kwepfungwa dzeChinese dzehurumende uye nzanga dzakasimudzira iyo Vietnamese kusvika padanho rezvino. Asi madzitateguru eVietnamese aive nemadzishe avo uye nezviratidzo zvetsika pamberi pekuuya kwemauto eChinese, uye kufungidzira kuti kuramba vachirarama kwavo kwaizovimbiswa kunyange dai vasina kumbonzwa nezveChina.²

    Chiitiko chekutonga kweChinese chakabata Vietnamese munzira mbiri. Kutanga, zvakakurudzira kudzorwa kuhutungamiriri hwetsika dzeChinese pakati pevatongi veVietnamese. Nekuda kwekubvumidzwa kwemashoko mazhinji echiChinese kumataurirwo avo uye ezviitiko zvemazana emakore 'sechipatara cheChinese, Vietnamese yakasvika pakuve negwara rezvematongerwo enyika nehunyanzvi iro rine chimwe chinhu chakafanana neChina. Maitiro ehungwaru muChina, ingava chiTaoist, chiBuddha, chiConfucianist, kana chiMarxist, zvinonzwisisika zviri nyore neVietnam.

    Ukuwo, kutonga kweChinese kwakapokana nekupokana neChina uye, nekuwedzera, kukanganisika kwevezvematongerwo enyika vekunze. Kwemakore chiuru apfuura, veVietnamese havana kumbodzika kanomwe akakundwa miedzo neChina kuti vape simba ravo neuto. Hakuna dingindira rinowirirana zvakanyanya munhoroondo yeVietnam kupfuura iro dingindira rekupokana nevekune dzimwe nyika utsinye.

    The Vietnamese pfungwa yeumambo akatanga kuwanda ne Sinitic pfungwa nezviitiko pakapfuura mazana emakore, asi yaive nemavambo emhando inoshamisa ichiratidza iwo murimi akasindimara, akangwara ane hunyanzvi hwekupona. Iye muvambi wamambo akazvimirira weVietnamese wezana ramakore regumi haana kurerwa mukati metsika dzechiChina. Aive murwi wechihure wevarwi ane zvibodzwa zviviri, zvekubatanidza maVietnamese uye nekupa dziviriro yenyika, zvakaramba zvichikosha hunhu hwehutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika muVietnam [Vhetinamu] kusvikira nhasi.

    Iri bhuku rinopera nekuurayiwa kwemurume iye akatanga iyo humambo hutsva hweVietnam muzana regumi. China yakashandisa mukana weizvi kuyedza kutsigira hukama hwayo hwekare muVietnam. Dambudziko rakadai, raida hutungamiri hwakasimba kuti vasangane nevapambi, yakave dingindira mune nhoroondo yeVietnamese, uye madzitateguru eVietnam anotarisirwa kuziva nzira yekuita ruzhinji ruzhinji kutora chikamu mukupikisa kuedza. Mu yezana regumi nemapfumbamwe, Vatungamiriri veVietnamese vakawedzera kuvimba nemifungo yechiChinese yehurumende zvekuti vakazviparadzanisa nevanhu vavo uye vakatadza kunyatso kurwisa hukasha hweFrance. Yemazuva ano Vietnam yakakura kubva mukukundikana uku.

    Kuzvarwa kweVietnam [Vhetinamu] yaive nguva refu yakagadziriswa yekuchinja kusvika padyo nesimba reChinese. Zvingave zvakanyanya kutaura nezve "kuberekwa"YeVietnam, nekuti munhoroondo yavo yakareba maVietnamese akamboona shanduko yekuziva inogona kubatana"kuberekwa, ”. Akakurumbira Vietnamese nyanzvi nguva pfupi yadarika akapa nhoroondo itsva yeVietnamese, vachiratidza kuti nyika "yakasimbiswa”Katatu: kamwechete panguva yekutanga kusati kwaguma Dong-mwanakomana [Dong Son] kupunduka izvo zvinofanotaura nezvekumanikidza kweChinese, zvakare muzana ramakore regumi apo kutonga kwechiChina kwapera, uye zvakare zvakare muzana wezana ramakumi maviri.³ Iri bhuku rinotarisa pane kuberekwa kweVietnam mu chegumi chegumi, kunyangwe iyo nyaya inotanga na Dong-mwanakomana [Dong Son].

     Uku kuberekwa kunogona kuongororwa mumatanho matanhatu, rimwe nerimwe rawo rakabatsira kutsanangura miganhu mukati maVietnam vakakwanisa kukura. Iyi miganhu yakanga yakanyanya kusarudzwa nehuremu uye nemhando yesimba reChinese raainzwa muVietnam.

    Mu kutanga chikamu, inogona kunzi Dong-mwanakomana [Dong Son] kana Lac-Viet [Lac Vietnam] nguva, Simba reChinese rakanga risati rasvika kuVietnam [Vhetinamu]. Vietnamese vaive nhengo dzakakosha dze prehistoric Bronze Age budiriro rakatarira kumakomo nezvitsuwa zveSoutheast Asia. Mukaka wetsika uye wezvematongerwo enyika pakati peVietnamese neChinese wainyatsotsanangurwa.

    Mu chikamu chechipiri, inogona kunzi Nguva yeHan-Viet, Chinese mauto ehondo akauya, uye boka idzva rinotonga revasanganiswa Sino-Vietnamese madzitateguru akabuda. Uzivi hweChinese hwakaoneka, uye Vietnamese Buddhism akatanga. Tsika yeVietnamese yakawana iko kwekutanga kuenzaniswa neChina, apo vachiverenga maitiro aya nechitendero cheBuddhist chakaparidzwa nemamishinari chakasvika kubva zvakananga India negungwa. Rutivi rwetsika uye rwematongerwo enyika panguva iyi rakavezwa kuburikidza neVietnam.

    The chetatu chikamu inogona kunzi Giao-Viet nguva, nekuti yaive nguva iyo dunhu reGiao rakamiswa kwazvo munzvimbo dzeVietnam uye pfungwa itsva yemagariro neezvematongerwo enyika yakasimbiswa nevarume nekuda kwekuvimbika kumachinda ekumusoro. Lin-i, ivo Cham humambo pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba, akarega kuve chinhu mune zvematongerwo enyika veVietnam uye panzvimbo iyoyo akava muvengi wekunze. The Lin-i Hondo ndiwo anosarudzika kwazvo panguva ino. Iyi danho yakatanga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu, mushure memhirizhonga yekupindira kweChin, apo T'ao Huang, gavhuna weChina anozivikanwa, akadzingira kumashure miganhu nekugadzirisa hutongi hwematunhu. Rutivi rwetsika uye rwematongerwo enyika rwaive zvino rwava pakati peVietnamese nevavakidzani vekumaodzanyemba.

    Mu chikamu chechina, iyo yakatora nguva zhinji yezana rechitanhatu, simba reChinese rakabva kuVietnam, uye magamba emuno akaedza kumanikidza pfungwa itsva yemafurati yakaisa Vietnamese kure, kwete chete kubva kuvavakidzani vavo vekumaodzanyemba, asiwo neChina. Iyi yaive nguva yekuzvitora, seVietnamese pavaiedza maitiro akasiyana ehunyanzvi hwenyika, kubva mukuedza kutevedzera dynastic institution yeChina mukuyedza kuti vadzokere kutsika dzekare dzekare-Chinese isati yasvika uye, pakupedzisira, kune Dudziro yechiBhudha yechiremera chenyika yaifanofanidza kugadzwa kwa Vietnamese rusununguko mu chegumi uye gumi nerimwe.

    The chikamu chechishanu, ivo T'ang-Vietnam phase, akawana iyo Vietnamese yakasimba mukati mehumambo hwekuchamhembe. Dzvinyiriro yekuenderana nemaitiro eChina maitiro aive akasimba, uye maVietnam vakapindura nezviito zvekuramba, vachikoka vavakidzani vavo vasiri veChinese kuti vapindire ivo. Asi kuramba kwese uye kuyedza kwese kuyanana nevanhu vakavakidzana kwakapwanywa nesimba remauto raT'ang. Dambudziko rakakomba mukutonga kwaT'ang rakauya pakati pezana ramakore repfumbamwe, apo anti-T'ang Vietnamese vakabatana nehumambo hwemakomo e Nan-chao in Yun-nan. Asi veVietnam vakawana kuti vanokwanisa kutsungirira T'ang zvisina kunaka hurumende kupfuura nyore tsika dzavasina kudzidziswa dze “barber”Vavakidzani. The T'ang-Viet nguva takaona mutsika nemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika veVietnam vakaswededzwa zvakanyanya, kwete kungopatsanura vaVietnam kubva kune vavakidzani vavo vemahombekombe uye kumusoro, asiwo vachipatsanura iyo Vietnamese kubva Muong [Mường], aigara nharaunda dzepasipfuure pane kutungamira kwakananga kwe Vakuru veT'ang uye ndiani akachengetedza fomu yeVietnamese tsika inoratidza kushoma kwechiChina.

    Mu chegumi chegumi, chikamu chekupedzisira chakazosvika apo vatungamiriri veVietnamans vakasangana kuwirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati pavo neChina. Kutsanangura nekusimbisa iyi nharaunda kwaita chikamu chikuru munhoroondo yeVietnamese yakatevera.

    Imwe yeaya madanho akagadzirisa maonero eVietnamese pachavo kune vavakidzani vavo. Iko kushandurwa kwakaitwa muchikamu chechipiri, chechitatu uye chechishanu, apo vatongi vechiChina vakasimba vakapa simba ravo muVietnam [Vhetinamu], vakaswededza vaVietnam pedyo neChina uye vakavatema kubva kuvavakidzani vavo vasiri veChinese. Muzana ramakore rechitanhatu neregumi, apo veVietnamese pavakakwanisa kutora danho, maganhuriro airatidza simba rinobvira. Uye kunyange ipapo pane humbowo kushoma kwekudzokera shure, kweVietnamese kudzokera kune yekutanga maonero.

     By the chegumi chegumi, veVietnamese vaiziva kuti nyika yavo yaizobatanidzwa neChina. Ivo vaisambofa vakafungidzira kuti China haina kuisa tarisiro mukukanganisa kwehupenyu hwenyika. Chero zvavakaita zvaitofanirwa kuitwa neziso rimwe kuChina. Vakanga vasina nguva yekuita chero saruro yekushuva kuve vakafanana nevavakidzani veSoutheast Asia.

    Izvi hazvireve kuti Vietnamese haisi "Southeast Asia, ”Chero zvingarevei. Kutanga uye kunyanya, ivo vari Vietnamese. Ivo vakatsigira maonero avo akasiyana epasi rose vachipesana neChina uye nevavakidzani veSoutheast Asia. Vietnam [Vhetinamu] vavakidzani vasiri veChinese vane nzwisiso shoma yemutengo wakabhadharwa neVietnamese kuti vagone kurarama uye nezvekudzika kwesarudzo yeVietnamese yekupokana neChina. Vietnamese vakagamuchira maonero akaiswa pavari nenhoroondo. Vanozviona vamire vega pakati pesimba rinotyisidzira uye denderedzwa renzvimbo dzinozvitenderedza pachadzo. Muchokwadi, ivo veVietnam vanoratidzira mune yavo Southeast Asia kuzivikanwa, asi kwete nekuda kwayo, asi panzvimbo yekuzorodza nekusimbisa iyo inopa mubhizimusi rakashata rekuchengetedza muganho wekuchamhembe.

    Kubva pane yakakura maonero Vietnam [Vhetinamu] inomira pamharadzano pakati peEast neSoutheast Asia. Mubvunzo wekuti Vietnam "ndezvavo” Southeast Asia kana kuti East Asia zvimwe ndechimwe chinovhenekesa zvishoma muzvidzidzo zveVietnamese. Kunyangwe zvese kubva ku Mutauro weVietnamese KuVietnamese tsika dzekudya dzinoratidza musiyano wakasarudzika wemarudzi maviri etsika, mabhuku, kudzidza, uye hurumende manejimendi zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuti maVietnamese anga ari nhengo dzevanhu vekare veEast Asia. Izvi zvinobva mukubudirira kwemaChinese emadzishe mukusimbisa muganho wezvematongerwo enyika uye wezvematongerwo enyika pakati peVietnamese nevavakidzani vavo vekuSoutheast Asia kwemazana emakore.

    The kuberekwa kweVietnam [Vhetinamu] inotsanangurwa mubhuku iri ndiko kuberekwa kwekuziva kutsva mukati me Nyika yeEast Asia tsika iyo yaive nemidzi yayo kunze kwenyika iyoyo. Mukati memamiriro ezvinhu eEast Asia seyakazara, iyi yaive fungidziro yekuziva, asi kune veVietnamese zvaingova izvo zvavaive vava. Vakanga vadzidza kutsanangura kwavo kusiri kweChinese maererano neChina tsika nemagariro. Nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakatemwa nesimba reChinese munguva refu yenhoroondo yavo, kupona kwechiratidzo ichi kwakakosha senge chimiro chemo icho chakazoratidzwa.

nhanganyaya

    Semusoja wekuAmerica muVietnam, ini handina kukwanisa kubatsira kufadzwa nehungwaru nekutsunga kwevanhu vemuVietnam vakatipikisa, ndikabvunza: "Vanhu ava vanobva kupi?”Iri bhuku, rakadzokororwa uye rakawedzerwa vhezheni yechiremba chechiremba chakapedzwa pa University of Michigan in 1976, ndiyo mhinduro yangu kumubvunzo uyu.

    Vazhinji vanoongorora vakanditangira kutanga Vietnamese nhoroondo. French French hunyanzvi pachinhu ichi anga achiunganidza kweanenge makore zana uye ane zvakawanda zviri kukurudzira uye zvinobatsira. Basa revadzidzi veChinese neveJapan vanonyanya kukosha, nekuti kazhinji rakavakirwa pazivo yakasimba yezvinyorwa zvekare uye zvehistori yechinyakare. Vadzidzi veJapan vekutanga veVietnam vakanyanya kuzvitsaura pachavo kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvinoverengeka. Basa revadzidzi vemazuva ano veVietnam rakakura. Kuedza kwekuchera matongo kwezana ramakore rapfuura kwakapa zviwanikwa zvakachinja manzwisisiro edu eVietnamese ekutanga uye zvakamanikidza kudzora kwezvakazoitika zvekare munhoroondo.

    Munyika inotaura chiRungu, tiri kutanga kuziva kukosha kwenhaka yeVietnam yakadzika. Nhaka iyi yakaumbwa nenhoroondo inodzokera makore anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Ndinovimba bhuku iri richakurudzira kunzwisisika kukuru kwekuti ruzivo rurefu rwenyika rwakabatsira sei mukuonekwa kwevanhu veVietnam nhasi.

    Ini ndarega Vietnamese diacritics uye mavara echiChinese kune glossary kudzivirira kuumbwa kwakadhura. Hazvibviri kuziva uye kududzira Vietnamese mazwi isina diacritics, saka vaverengi vanoziva veVietnamese vanokurudzirwa kuti vabvunze iwo mazwi matsananguro ezviperengo zveizwi reVietnamese pane zvarinotanga kuitika murugwaro. Saizvozvo, izwi reChinese harigone kuoneka pasina hunhu hwaro, saka vaverengi vanoziva chiChinese vanokurudzirwa kuti vabvunze zvirevo sezvazvinodiwa.

    Ndine chikwereti chekutenda kunaProfessor Paul G. Akatsamwa of Hope College nekundikurudzira kuti nditorezve basa rechikoro mushure menguva yechiuto.

    panguva University of Michigan, yanga iri rombo rangu rakanaka kudzidza pasi paDr. John K. Whitmore, a piyona mumunda we preodern Vietnamese nhoroondo muUnited States. Ini zvakare ndinobvuma chikwereti changu kune vamwe nhengo dzeangu akapedza kudzidza uye nemisangano komiti University of Michigan: Purofesa Chun-shu Chang, Purofesa John VA Makanaka, Jr., Muzvinafundo Charles O. Hucker, naProfesa Thomas R. Trautmann, vese vakafuridzira kuedza kwangu kudzidza nhoroondo.

    Ini ndinonyanya kutenda kuna Profesa OW Wolters of Cornell University yezvaakataura panguva yekudzokorodza maitiro, izvo hazvina kungonditadzisa kubva mukukanganisa asi zvakandisvitsa munzira inoenda kuruzivo rukuru.

   Ndine chikwereti zvakare kunaProfessor Chiyun Chen ye University of California, Santa Barbara, Muzvinafundo David G. Marr yeAustralia National University, Purofesa Alexander B. Woodside ye University of British Columbia, naProfesa Ying-shih Yű of Yale University kuongororwa kwavo panguva yekudzokorora maitiro; kwavo kutaura kwakatamba chikamu chikuru mukugadzirisa nyonganiso, kukudziridza mazano angu, nekupa manyorerwo azvino zvazvino chimiro.

    Purofesa William H. Nienhauser, Jr., of University of Wisconsin, nemutsa akapa kukosha kwechirevo mukati menhetembo na P'i Jih-hsiu inokurukurwa mu Okuwedzera N. John K. Musgrave ye Yunivhesiti yeMichigan Library uye Ikuta Shigeru ye Tӧyӧ Bunko Raibhurari in Tokyo yakapa rubatsiro panguva.

   Sadako Ohki, shamwari yangu nemuroora, akashandura mabhuku echiJapan uye zvinyorwa uye akabatsira kuziva mavara asina kujairika.

    Mvumo kubva ku Social Science Research Council Nditendera kuti ndiise iyi manyorekodhi mune inodhindwa fomu.

    Ndinotenda Grant Barnes, Phyllis Killen, nevamwe vavo pa Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press kukurudzira kwavo, kutungamira, uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi.

   Iri bhuku rakabatsirwa nehunyanzvi hwekunyora kwe Helen Tartar. Ini ndinomutenda kunyatsotarisisa kunyatsonzwisisika uye yechokwadi pfungwa yekururamisa grammar uye yakanaka maitiro.

     Zvese zvikanganiso ndezvangu.

ZVINYORWA:
^* Keith Weller Taylor: Kudzokororwa kweiyo (Ph.D.) - Yunivhesiti yeMichigan, 1976. Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, Berkeley neLos Angeles, California. University of California Press, Ltd., London, England, © 1983 neThe Regents yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Kuumbwa muHong Kong naAsco Trade Typesetting Ltd.
¹  ona Mashoko Okuwedzera O.
²  Ona wanguKuongororwa kweNguva yeChinese muVietnamese Nhoroondo."
³  Pham Huy Thong [Phạm Huy Thông], "Ba Ian ndove nuoc"[Ba lần dựng nước].

BAN TU THU
01 / 2020

ZVINYORWA:
◊ Kunobva: Vietnamese Lunar Gore Idzva - Chikuru Mutambo - Asso. Prof. HUNG NGUYEN MANH, Chiremba we phylosophy mu Nhoroondo.
◊ Bold zvinyorwa, Vietnamese italic zvinyorwa mune bracket uye sepia mifananidzo yakaiswa naBan Tu Thu - gvanevachar.com

ONA DZIMWE:
◊ Kuberekwa kweVietnam - Lac Ishe - Chikamu 2.