CHỮ NÔM kana iyo Yakaimbova Vietnamese script uye Yayo Yakapfuura mipiro kuVietnamese Literature - Chikamu 2
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Nguyễn Khắc-Kham*
… Inoenderera mberi pachikamu 1:
Maumbirwo eNôm script **
Pazvinogona kutongwa kubva kune idzi tenzi-zvidimbu zveVietnamese zvinyorwa mukati Chữ NÃ'm, iyi script haina kufadza uye isina musoro sezvakataurwa nevamwe vatsoropodzi. Muchokwadi, iyo yaitongwa pamwe nemitemo yakatwasuka uye kunyange yakaoma.
Muchidzidzo chedu chakapfuura pa Kunze kukwereta muVietnamese takapa mimwe mienzaniso yemaitiro ayo makuru. Tichashandisa mukana uyu kurondedzera chimiro chayo zvizere sezvataigona nezvigadzirwa zvatinokwanisa kuwana.
Sezvakaonekwa nenzira yakakodzera naProf. Rokuro Konao, Vietnamese Chữ NÃ'm inoratidza kufanana kwevaJapan Kana uye maJapan Kokuji 國 字. Inotevera mimwe mienzaniso yaakapihwa naye. Mu kojiki 事 記, kuverenga kwemafonetiki uye semantic kwevaChinese mavara ayo anoshandiswa kushandiswa mukati Chữ Nôm vese vari vaviri vanoshanda nemudzvinyiriri wavo Okwete Yasumaro. Saka chiratidzo chefonetiki chinoshandiswa mumazita akakodzera kudaro 須 佐 as for / susa / of, for / suga / of. Iyi nzira yemafonetiki inogamuchirwa zvachose murwiyo rwakakurumbira kutanga narwo “Yakumo tatu…” Mumoyo wefoni haisi mukurumbira iyezvino kunze kwemazita nenziyo chaidzo. Kunyangwe nemazita akakodzera nzira yemafonetiki haiwanzo kugamuchirwa 速 須 佐 之 男 (hayasusanowo) inomiririrwa neiyo semantic nzira kunze 須 賀 / susa /, inozivikanwawo mumienzaniso yakadaro 賀 宮 sezvakaitwaAsinaduti) 名 椎 (Inada-hapana Miyanusi) etc. Kunze kwemienzaniso miviri yadudzwa pamusoro, Prof. Rokuro Konao Akataurawo zviitiko izvi {ima, 初 {fazime, Nguva {Toki, gore {kumo, Rwiyo {uta, Mwari {kami, 首 {kuby. The hui-i mavara achangobva kuwanikwa anowanikwa ari muJapan neVietnam, semuenzaniso ,. giời inoumbwa nekukanganisa chimiro uye. Iwo mavara akagadzirwa muJapan, anonzi-anonzi Kokuji (Hunhu hwenyikasemuenzaniso (sasaki), (tauge), 杜 (Morinezvimwewo… ndizvo zviitiko zve hui-i mavara akafanana Nôm hunhu, giời.
Kunyangwe zvese izvi zvinoonekwa zvakafanana, tichiona mutsauko uripakati pechiJapan neyechiVietnamese mitauro yavo yemafonetiki uye nhoroondo yemashure ehunyanzvi hwekunyora hweChinese, chimiro che Chữ NÃ'm yakachengetedza yakasarudzika mavambo, sekunyatsoratidzwa pasi pano nemaitiro ayo akasiyana ekuumbwa.
Chinese mavara akakweretwa na Chữ Nôm kumiririra morphene imwe chete muVietnamese ingashandiswa zvisina kusimba kana musanganiswa.
I. Hunhu humwe hweChina hunoshandiswa kumiririra
1) A Vietnamese morphene yeChina chibviro, icho chine chaizvo kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese uye zvinorehwa neiyo inoenderana chiChinese.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 頭 đầu (Musoro), 袄 a (rob, nguo).
2) A Vietnamese morpheme yeChinese mavambo ayo akachengetedza zvinoreva iwo anoenderana wechiChinese hunhu asi ayo kuverenga kweVietnamese kwakatosiyana zvishoma nekuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kweiyo inoenderana chiChinese.
Ex: + chiChinese hunhu Mutemo, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: pháp inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme phép (mutemo, kutonga).
+ Chinese chimiro mureza, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga KY inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme cờ (mureza).
+ Chinese chimiro 橋, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: kiều inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme cầu (zambuko).
3) A Vietnamese morphene pamwe ndeye yekuChina chibvepi, ine dudziro yakafanana neyeiyo inoenderana neChinese chimiro asi kuverenga kwayo kuchienzaniswa nekuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kweChinese chimiro kwakashandurwa zvakanyanya.
Ex: + Chinese chimiro 捲, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: Quyển inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme cuốn (roll).
+ Chinese chimiro Bhuku, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga bản, bổn inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme vốn (capital, mari).
4) A Vietnamese morpheme nezverevo imwecheteyo seiyo inoenderana chiChinese chimiro asi kuverenga kwayo kwakasiyana chaizvo nekuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese nezvayo.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 役, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: dịch, inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme việc (basa, basa, basa).
5) A Vietnamese morpheme kuverenga kwake kwakafanana nekufanana nezvekuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kweiyo inoenderana chiChinese chimiro asi chirevo chayo chakasiyana zvachose.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 戈, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: qua (chiuno, pfumo) inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme qua (kupfuura).
+ Chinese chimiro Aihwa, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: một (kunyangarika pasi pemvura, kunyudzwa) inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme một (mumwe).
Mune iyi mienzaniso miviri, kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kweChinese chimiro kwakafanana nekuverenga kweiyo Vietnamese morpheme inomiririrwa.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 朱 , Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga ciclo (tsvuku, vermilion) inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme kuJeriko (kupa).
+ Chinese chimiro 箕, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga ky or cơ (chakarema, sieve) inoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme kia (pamusoro apo, izvo).
Mune iyo miviri yekupedzisira mienzaniso, kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kweChinese hunhu kwakafanana nekuverenga kweiyo Vietnamese morpheme inomiririrwa.
kwakadaro Chữ NÃ'm zvakabatanidzwa muchikamu chechipiri, chechitatu, chechina neChishanu pamusoro na Dương Quảng HÃ m17 dzakatariswa na Hồ Ngọcẩn18 kunge uri werimwe boka re Chữ NÃ'm inomiririrwa nemaChinese mavara ane kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kunopa kufanana kwakanyanya nokuverenga kwavo seVietnam.
Kune, maererano neyekupedzisira, akati wandei emakesi eaya anonzwika akafanana:
1) Kufanana kwakanzwika pakati pekuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kwehunhu hweChinese uye kuverenga kweimwe kana dzinoverengeka Vietnamese morpheme kunze kwekutanga kwekutanga.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 板, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: bản ingamiririre phản in NÃ'm.
2) Kufanana kwakanzwika kungofanana nerevhesi yekupedzisira kana chete sedhawero kana chisungo chekamisa pamberi pekononendi yekupedzisira.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 合, inogona kuverengerwa hợp, hạp, hiệp or hộp.
3) Dzimwe nguva, kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese kwechimiro cheChinese chinoshandiswa kumiririra Vietnamese morpheme kunosiyana neyekupedzisira neyekutanga cononant uye syllable yekupedzisira.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 職, Sino-Vietnamese: chức zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, chắc or giấc.
4) Kufanana kwakanzwika zvinotorwa seizvi kunyangwe musiyano wematoni.
Ex: + chiChinese hunhu 吟, Sino-Vietnamese soak inoshandiswa zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, ngấm, ngẫm or ngậm.
Kuti unzwisise zviri pamusoro uye mimwe mienzaniso yakafanana ye Chữ Nôm, tinofanirwa kuziva kuti ndeapi ekutanga makononendi, api mavhawero kana mavhawero emasumbu, ayo magiravhisi ekupedzisira eSino-Vietnamese izwi rinoenderana neChinese chimiro uye mune yeVietnamese morpheme inomiririrwa NÃ'm yaimboonekwa seinogona kuchinjika.
A) Makonsonendi ekutanga anoonekwa seanoshandurana kumiririra muNôm
a) Pakutanga makonzonendi b-, ph-, v-
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 卜, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: bốc inomiririra NÃ'm vakadaro Vietnamese morphemes se bốc uye bói zvinogona zvakare kumiririra vốc;
+ Chinese chimiro 板, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: bnn inogona zvakare kumiririra NÃ'm phản, bản or ván.
b) Ekutanga makonzonendi c-, k-, gh-, qu-
Pakutanga makononendi c-, k-, gh-, qu- yaishandurwa.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro uye, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga cập zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, cấp, gặp or kịp;
+ Chinese chimiro boka, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: quần, maylo zvimirire kuruboshwe muNôm.
c) Chekutanga makononendi d-, t-, v-
Pakutanga makononendi d-, t-, v- yaishandurwa.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro DzeBonde, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: Tình or tikana zvinogona zvakare kumiririra sticky in NÃ'm;
+ Chinese chimiro 停, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: đình zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, dành or đành.
d) Ekutanga makononendi ch-, gi- uye zvishoma zvishoma tr-, x-
Pakutanga makononendi ch-, gi- uye zvishoma zvishoma tr-, x- yaishandurwa.
Ex: + chiChinese hunhu 執, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: dambudziko zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, Chup, rubatsiro, xúp, or xọp.
e) Pakutanga makonzonendi l-, r-, tr-
Pakutanga makononendi l-, r-, tr- yaishandurwa.
Ex: + Chinese chimiro 律, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: luật zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, lọt, luột, lót, rọt or trót.
B) Syllables inofungidzirwa seinoshandurana kumiririra mu Chữ nôm
a) ác, ắc, ấc, ức, čớc
ác, ắc, ấc, ức, čớc raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro mawodzanyemba, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: bc zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, bc, bực or step.
b) ach, ếch, ếch, ích
ach, ếch, ếch, ích raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 役, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: dịch zvinogona zvakare kumiririra việc in NÃ'm;
+ Chinese chimiro tsvuku, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: xích, zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, xếch or xệch.
c) , aa, a, a, oi, oi, ui, ui uye dzimwe nguva ưa
, aa, a, a, oi, oi, ui, ui uye dzimwe nguva ưa zvinoshandurwa.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro Support, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: zvekushandisa zvinogona zvakare kumiririra chia in NÃ'm;
+ Chinese chimiro 皮, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: bì zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, bề or vừa.
d) am, em, em, em, em, em, em, em, em, em,
am, em, em, em, em, em, em, em, em, em, raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 冘, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: đam zvinogona zvakare kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, đâm, .em or đơm.
e) an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uân, pa, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn
an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uân, pa, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 鄰, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: lan yakashandiswazve kumiririra lăn in NÃ'm.19
f) ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương
ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro Bhodhi, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: post yakashandiswawo kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, dngng or chừng.
g) ong, ông, ung uye dzimwe nguva čng
ong, ông, ng uye dzimwe nguva ưng vaichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro shandisa, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: dụng yakashandiswawo kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, current, shandisa.
h) anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ,ng
anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ,ng raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro Zvara, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: born or kuberekwa yakashandiswazve kumiririra siengng in NÃ'm.
i) ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ,,
ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ,, raigara richichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 牢, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: Layo yakashandiswawo se hsiai-shêng kumiririra Layo, lau, trao or trau.
j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, kumusoro, ưp, ươp
ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, kumusoro, ưp, ươp vaichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro uye, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: cập yakashandiswawo kumiririra, mukati NÃ'm, gặp, gấp or kịp.
k) at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, čt,
at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, čt, vaichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 乙, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: ât yakashandiswawo kumiririra NÃ'm, ắt, Ut or it.
l) et, êt, iêt, iyo
et, êt, iêt, iyo vaichinjika.
Ex.: + Chinese chimiro 歇, Sino-Vietnamese kuverenga: hiết yakashandiswawo kumiririra NÃ'm hết or fema.
NB: Kubva pamienzaniso iri pamusoro, tinozviona zvakati kuti Chữ NÃ'm dzakagadzirwa nekushandura kwete chete kwekutanga maconati, asiwo kwekupedzisira syllables uye dzimwe nguva kunyange matoni.
Ex.: + uye inogona kuverengerwa cập, gặp, kịp or kíp; inogona kuverengerwa soak, ngắm or gẫm.
… Enderera muchikamu chechipiri…
ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
◊ CHỮ NÔM kana iyo Yakaimbova Vietnamese script uye Yayo Yakapfuura mipiro kuVietnamese Literature - Chikamu 3.
◊ CHỮ NÔM kana iyo Yakaimbova Vietnamese script uye Yayo Yakapfuura mipiro kuVietnamese Literature - Chikamu 1.
ZVINYORWA:
15 Nguyễn Khắc-Kham,Kunze kukwereta muVietnamese", Area uye Tsika Zvidzidzo, No 19, Tokyo University of Kunze Zvidzidzo, 1969 pp. 142-175.
16 Kono Rokuro,Chinyorwa cheChinese uye simba rayo paMagwaro eVakidzani veNzvimbo Nehunyanzvi anoreva nezveKorea neJapan", Memoirs yeDhipatimendi rekutsvagurudza reToyi Bunko (Raibhurari Yokumabvazuva) Kwete 27. Iyo Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. pp. 117-123., 一 要 解 國國 [Nhất yếu giải quốc ngữ], 法 法 法 辭典 辭典 學 參 參 參 參 參 參 參 東京 編 編 東京, peji 66.
17 Dương Quảng Hàm, "Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Mwanakomana akakosha dans l'étude de l'ancienne littérature Annamite", Bulletin de l'Instruction Publique de l'Indochine No 7, Mars 1942. NB Pakati pemienzaniso yechikamu chechina chechữ nôm, Dương Quảng Hàm akataura zvakare chirevo, kuverenga kweSino-Vietnamese: vị (kunhuwira, kuravira) sekushandiswa kunyora iyo Vietnamese morpheme mùi. Nekudaro, munyori uyu anofunga kuti hunhu hweChinese hunogona kunge hwakaverengerwa mùi nevaVietnamese pakutanga kweye Chinese T'ang chinzvimbo mukutevedzera kuverenga kweChinese. (cf. H. Maspero, “Quelques mots Annamites d'origine Chinoise" BEFEO, kwete 3, 1916, mapeji 35-39. Naizvozvo zvinogona kunge zviri a chữ NÃ'm raive rakarembwa wezana rechisere.
18 RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Văn chương An, Littérature Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Missions Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933. mapeji 162-166.
19 Uyu muenzaniso unopihwa na 竃 uyu munyori pachinzvimbo icho, maererano Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, yakashandiswa kumiririra mu nôm răn, rân or rên.
BANISA TU THƯ
03 / 2020
ZVINYORWA:
** Musoro wezvikamu, zvinyorwa zvakashinga uye yakaratidzwa sepia mufananidzo wakagadzwa naBan Tu Thu - gvanevachar.com
◊ Kunobva: Institute of Sino-Nom zvidzidzo.