Iyo pfupi HISTORI yeVIETNAMESE WRITING - Chikamu 1

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Donny Trương¹
Chikoro cheArt kuGeorge Mason University

NHANGANYAYA

    Vavariro yangu yenyaya yekutanga yaive yekufumisa Vietnamese typography. Rakatsikiswa munaNovember 2015 sosi yangu yekupedzisira kuna tenzi wehunyanzvi mune graphic dhizaini kubva ku Chikoro cheArt kuGeorge Mason University, iri bhuku raive nekukurumidza raive ratidziro rakakosha pakugadzira Vietnamese diacritics.

     Vazhinji mhando vagadziri vakashandisa bhuku iri kuvabatsira kuti vanzwisise iwo akasiyana typographic maficha muVietnamese. Vakadzidza zvakadzama manzwisisiro uye nuances dze Vietnamese kunyora maitiro kunyangwe kana vasingatauri kana kunyora mutauro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ivo vakawedzera chivimbo mukugadzira diacritics, iyo inonyanya kukosha mukunzwisisa uye kuverenga kweiyo Mutauro weVietnamese.

    Diacritical alama ndiyo tambo dzinotungamira vaverengi kuti vanzwisise zvinoreva mamwe mazwi. Pasina kujekesa kwakajeka uye kwakakodzera, kuyerera kwechinyorwa kunogona kuvezwa uye kukanganisa. Pasina ivo, kutaurirana kwakanyorwa kunokanganiswa. Uyezve, zvinoreva zvekutanga zvemavara zvakavanzika.

    Kubva pakaburitswa bhuku iri, ndanga ndichikurudzira vagadziri vemhando mukuwedzera matayipi avo kutsigira Vietnamese. Mukudyidzana navo, ndakawana kunzwisiswa kwenyaya pamwe nekuvhiringidzika kwavakatarisana nako. Handina chinhu kunze kwezviitiko zvakanaka uye zvinotsigira zvinoshanda navo. Ndinoyemura kutarisirwa uye kutarisisa kwavakaita mukugadzira madhiacritical mamaki eVietnamese.

    Kuratidza kuonga kwangu kune yerudzi rwemhando, ini ndakadzokorora uye ndakawedzera chinyorwa chechipiri kuti ndipe ruzivo rwakakosha, kupa mamwe mifananidzo, uye kuratidza zvimwe zvinotsigirwa neVietnamese.

NHOROONDO

    From 207 BC to 939 AD, kutonga kwevazhinji vedzinza reChinese dynasties kwakakanganisa tsika yeVietnamese uye mabhuku. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iye mukuru Mutauro weVietnamese yakanyorwa mukati Classical Chinese (chho Nho) pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwechivanhu ChiVietnamese script (chô Nôm) uye kugamuchirwa kwe Alfabheti yechiLatin (Quốc ngữ)².

CHỮ NHO

   Mukutonga kwevaChinese muzana remakore repfumbamwe, zvinyorwa zvehurumende yeVietnam zvakanyorwa mumutauro weChinese ideographs anonzi chữ Nho (zvinyorwa zvevanyori), inonziwo chữ Tuben (Han chinyorwa. Kunyangwe mushure mekunge Vietnam yazivisa rusununguko muna 939, chữ Nho ndiyo yaive mutauro waizivikanwa kunyorwa mumapepa ekuzivikanwa kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri. Chữ Nho ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi mukubiza kwevasigraphic pamhemberero dzechiitiko dzakadai semhemberero, mariro, Nyowani Nyowani (Ttt), uye michato. Kunyangwe chữ Nho yaikosheswa kwazvo - nekuti kuve chữ Nho kuverenga ndiko kwaive musimba wesimba, hupfumi, uye mukurumbira — Nyanzvi dzeVietnamese dzaida kugadzira yavo yekunyora inonzi chữ Nôm³.

CHỮ QuỐC NGỮ

    The Romanization of Vietnamese kunyora maitiro yakatanga muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe apo mamishinari echiKaturike aifanira kunyora magwaro evashanduri vatsva. Sezvo chữ Nôm yaishandiswa chete nevakuru uye vane mukana, mamishinari aida kuunza zvinyorwa zvechitendero kune vanhu vakawandisa, kusanganisira vanhu vepasi-vapasi vangadai vasina kugona kuverenga NÃ'm ideographs.

     In 1624, French Jesuit uye Lexicologist Alexandre de Rhode akatanga mishoni yake muCochinchina kwaakasangana nePortuguit Jesuit Francisco de Pina uye akadzidza Vietnamese nekukurumidza zvinoshamisa. Mukati memwedzi mitanhatu, Rhodes yakanzwisisa mutauro. Nehurombo, Pina akafira muareka muchikepe muna Đà Nẵng gore rakatevera. Rhode akaenderera mberi nebasa rake uye akapedza makore gumi nemaviri achiteerera kuvanhu veko.

   In 1651, makore matanhatu mushure mekunge abva kuVietnam, Rhode yakaparurwa Duramazwi Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum uye Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Chiziviso. Kunyangwe zvinyorwa zvake zvakadzika hwaro hwe Quốc ngữ (mutauro wenyika), Rhodes yakanga isiri yekutanga musiki wechiRoma. Mabasa ake aive akavakirwa panzira yaPina, iyo yakafuridzirwa naBo João Rodrigues's Romanised Vietnamese system kunyora. Kugadzirwa kwaBaba Rodrigues kwakagadzirwazve nekuvandudzwa nePutukezi Jesuit Gaspar kuna Amaral, ChiPutukezi Jesuit Antonio Barbosa, uye chiFrench Jesuit Alexandre de Rhode.⁵

    In 1773, anopfuura makore zana gare gare, French Jesuit Pierre-Joseph-Georges Pigneau de Béhaine rakabudiswa Duramazwi Anamitico-Latinum muchiLatin, NÃ'm script, uye Quốc ngữ, mu 1838, Bhishopi Jean-Louis Taberd kuteverwa ne Duramazwi Anamitico-Latinum, iyo yaive yakavakirwa pabasa raPigneau de Béhaine. Mumwe weakatanga kugamuchira weiyo nyowani yekunyora yeVietnamese yaive Philipphê Bỉnh, mufundisi weVietnamese vaigara muPortugal. Mumakore ake makumi matatu muPortugal, Bỉnh akange anyora mabhuku anopfuura makumi maviri nerimwe mukati Quốc ngữ. Kunyora kwake kwakaratidza izvozvo Quốc ngữ yakanga yatanga kutora chimiro.

    Kusiyana chữ Nôm, iyo yaida kudzidza kwakadzama uye kudzidzira kugona, iyo nyowani nyowani yekuLatin-yekunyora tsika yaive yakatwasuka, inosvikika, uye ichiwanikwa. Vanhu veVietnamese vanogona kudzidza kuverenga nekunyora mutauro wavo mumavhiki mashoma pane makore. Kunyangwe Quốc ngữ zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuparadzira kuverenga nekudzidza kune ruzhinji, hazvina kuve iro runyorwa rwekunyora kutozosvikira zana rekutanga ramakore makumi maviri pasi pehutongi hweFrance hwechiKoloni.1864-1945).

     Kusimuka kweiyo Latin-based kunyora system yakavhura musuwo wekudzidza nekudhinda mabhuku. Gia Định Báo (嘉定 報), the pepanhau rekutanga muVietnam, yakaburitsa nyaya yayo yekutanga mukati Quốc ngữ musi waApril 15, 1865. Under Director Trương Vĩnh Ký uye Mupepeti-Muku-Chief Huỳnh Tịnh Của, Gia Định Báo vakaita basa rakakosha mukukurudzira vanhu veVietnamese kuti vadzidze Quốc ngữ. Trương Vĩnh Ký akange anyora zvakapfuura 118 zvinyorwa kubvira kubva kutsvagurudzo kusvika kududzira kududzira. Muna 1895, Gia Định Báo yakaburitswa Huỳnh Tịnh Của's Nami Nam quốc âm tự vị, duramazwi rekutanga rakanyorwa nenyanzvi yeVietnamese kuvanhu veVietnam.

     In 1907, Vietnamese nyanzvi dzakadai Lương Văn Vanogona, Nguyễn Quyền, uye Dương Bá Trạc akasvinudzwa Đông Kinh nghĩa thục, inodzidzisa-yemahara institution muHà Nội kubatsira kufambisa nyika. Mukuziva mukana we Quốc ngữ, izvo zvaive nyore kuverenga nekunyora, chikoro chakashandisa maitiro ekunyora eRoma kutsikisa zvinyorwa, mabhuku ekunyora, uye mapepanhau (Đăng cổ Tùng báo uye Ệi Việt Tân báo).

     Kunze panguva imwe chete mu1907, Mutori wenhau Nguyen Van Vinh akavhura kambani yekutanga yekudhinda uye akaburitsa pepanhau rekutanga rakadaidzwa Đăng cổ tùng báo muHà Nội. Muna 1913, akaburitsa TĐp chí kuparadzira Quốc ngữ. Ose maviri Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh naTrương Vĩnh Ký vaizivikanwa sevanamwari venhau dzemapepanhau eVietnam.

     From 1917 to 1934Munyori phẩm Quỳnh akapa rondedzero dzakawanda dzakakosha pamagwaro nehunyanzvi mune rake bhuku rakadaidzwa Nam Phong tạp chí. Akashandurirawo mabhuku mazhinji echiFrench kunyora mukati Quốc ngữ.

     In 1933, kuumbwa kwe Tự Lực Văn Đoàn (Chako-Reliance Literary group) yakazvirumbidza shanduko yakakura muVietnamese yekunyora chiitiko. Iwo vadzidzi veboka, ayo akaumbwa nhất Linh, Khái Hưng, Zodiac, Thạch Lam, Tú Mỡ, Thế Lữ, uye Xuan Dieu, yakakurumbira Quốc ngữ kuburikidza nekunyora kwavo kwakajeka, nyore kweVietnamese. Vakaburitsa mapepanhau evhiki mbiri (Phong hóa uye Mazuvano), nhetembo dzazvino, uye mabhuku asingabvi pachiShona chekare zvinyorwa.

    Kunyangwe mamishinari echiFrench nePortuguese akatanga hurongwa hwekunyora hwechiRoma, vatapi venhau veVietnam, vadetembi, nyanzvi, uye vanyori vakavandudzwa, vakaenderera mberi, uye vakaita Quốc ngữ mune yakasimba, inonyatsoenzanisira, yakakwana nzira yekunyora. Nhasi, Quốc ngữ, inozivikanwawo se chữ phổ thông (standard script), inyanzvi yepamutemo yeVietnam⁶.

… Inoenderera mberi muchikamu chechipiri…

BAN TU THU
01 / 2020

CHERECHEDZA:
1: Pamusoro pemunyori: Donny Trương mugadziri ane chido chekutapa uye wewebhu. Akagamuchira tenzi wake wehunyanzvi mune graphic dhizaini kubva kuChikoro cheArt kuGeorge Mason University. Iyewo munyori we Professional Web typography.
Old Akashinga mazwi uye sepia mifananidzo yakaiswa naBan Tu Thu - gvanevachar.com

ONA ZVAKAWANDA:
◊  Iyo pfupi HISTORI yeVIETNAMESE WRITING - Chikamu 2
◊  Iyo pfupi HISTORI yeVIETNAMESE WRITING - Chikamu 3
◊ nezvimwewo.