RUGWARO RUTSORO uye MARI YEMABHUKU EVIETNAM - Chikamu 2
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HUNG NGUYEN MANH
… Kuenderera mberi…
Zvekurwa zvikoro & Mitemo
Vietnamese marati yeVietnam yakagadziridzwa zviri pamutemo mukati zvikoro zvetsiva mukutonga kwekunyengedzera.
Naizvozvo, kana mabhuku aine nzvimbo yake yekutanga munzvimbo yamambo, zvombo yakagadziriswazve zvakafanana munhoroondo yeVietnamese yehondo nerunyararo. Hondo dzakaitika nguva dzose uye hunyanzvi hwekukunda muhondo. Dzimwe nguva, kunyangwe martial arts mandarins inogona kuchinja iyo yeumambo institution. Tran Quoc Tuan akaremekedzwa se Hung Dao Vuong. Iye akange ari muhondo maratina mandarin kwete yeVietnam chete asi neyenyika. Iye akazivikanwa se munda marshal uyo akaparadza chishuvo chekutonga nyika yeumambo hweMongolia. Varwi veizvi Humambo hweMongolia aigona kugara akarara akatasva bhiza panguva yekupinda, sevapambi vezvombo. Varwi vakauya nehope dze Genghis Khan's, yaive "achiburitsa zuva pasi petsoka dzake”Apo ivo vaigona kusvika kumusoro kumabhiza avo ane simba.
Maitiro ekuzvitutumadza senge ari pamusoro akagadziriswa munhoroondo yekutanga yevanhu, saiyo Humambo hweRoma, kana vapukunyuka muzinda munhoroondo dzazvino uye dzazvino, Humambo hweNazi, iyo nhoroondo yeVietnam yakaona.
Kunze kweminda yemupunga nemisha, uko mweya wekurwira wakayheneserwa kupandukira vekune dzimwe nyika, vaive vazhinji magamba anoda nyika. Tinoda kutaura madhizaasheni akasiyana nemipiro mikuru mukuvaka nyika mukati meiyo yezvematongerwo enyika yehupfumi hweEast.
Ngatimbotsvedzai kuburikidza nenhoroondo yenguva ya Nguyen Dzinza. Vietnamese yemuchato yakapinda a chirongwa chakadzidziswa chedzidzo nezviitiko zvakawanda zviri kuitika ku Ishe Trinh Cuong era.
- A chikoro chetsiva yakavhurwa mukati 1721 (the gore rechipiri reBao Thai, Le Trung Hung nguva) uye akagadzwa giao thu (mandarins anotarisira dzidzo muguta).
- Pakanga paine bvunzo dzechiuto muna 1723 (4th gore reBao Thai) uye vaibata makore matatu ese (zvakafanana nemabhuku ebvunzo).
Kusiyana nenzanga yanhasi yekumaindasitiri, Nharaunda yekuMabvazuva feudal yenguva yekare haina kushandisa kunyoreswa kwegore rega asi makore matatu ega ega aine makore akasiyana e mabhuku uye zvetsiva. For zvombobvunzo dzakarongwa seinotevera:
1. Thi Saka cu (Kuongororwa Kwemunharaunda Kuunganidza): Zvakarongedzwa mumataundi emunharaunda mumakore a mbeva, Bhiza, Katsi, huku. Ivo vakapfuura vaizowana Tao si diploma (yakafanana neye bachelor degree).
2. Thi Bac cu (Kuongorora kweKurovera Kwakanyanya): Yakarongedzerwa kuguta guru kuti titore Tao si (zvakafanana kuna chiremba) mumakore e Dhato, Imbwa, Buffalo, Mbudzi. Mwaka wekutanga raive gore raGove, 1724, muTinh Quang wadhi nevanhu gumi nemumwe vanofungidzirwa kuti vakapfuura.
Munguva yemakore makumi masere nemasere e Le Trung Hung nguva, pakanga paine bvunzo gumi nemapfumbamwe 199 tao si, pakati pavo pakanga pana 59 vanoku si xuat kupfuura (ane maratidziro kumashure) and 140 dong tao si xuat kupfuura (yakafanana nerembambo yetsiva).
munguva Nguyen imba, ivo 18th gore of Minh Mang (1837), pakanga paine mutsva murau.
Mambo zvakaziviswa kuti "Parizvino bvunzo dzehondo yemuchakabvu hadzina mvumo.Naizvozvo, mambo akaisa zviga zvemakwikwi, izvo zvaive zvichiri pasi pemirairo yaJehovha Re madzimba.
Makwikwi acho aive evanhu vaive nehondo dzehondo uye mauto classics xperiences. Makwikwi aya aitwa makore ese matatu kuburikidza nemitambo yehondo yemitambo yakanzi mushure mebvunzo dzezvinyorwa: Thi Huong (bvunzo yenyika) mumakore e Tiger, Mhembwe, Nyoka, Nguruve; uye thi Hoi (kuongorora kwekuguta) mumakore e Dhiragoni, Imbwa, Buffalo, Mbudzi.
Kunyanya, mune e6th gore ra Ruware Tri nguva (1846), mambo akatendera imwe a khoa (yakakosha tendero yekubvunza) inonzi khoa thi Vo kinh (Mauto classics bvunzo) makomisheni makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe. Izvo zvaive zvakafanana neLerature thi Dinh (kuongororwa kwedare redzimhosva).
Pakanga paine musiyano mumwe mune Nguyen dzinza kubva Le imba, kwaive kusara kweiyo bvunzo yeongororo (vemauto ehondo) uye zvinotariswa chete maitiro ehondo. Zvichida kubvira ipapo, Vietnamese zvetsiva zvakaunza "mhirizhonga" mupfungwa yeruzhinji.
Vese vanenge vachinyoresa vanofanira kuenda kunyora bvunzo nhatu dzakateerana. Bvunzo yekutanga yaive kusimudza simbi. Ongororo yechipiri yaive uchishandisa tsvimbo, nhovo, uye kuita mafomu etsiva. Bvunzo yechitatu yaive uchishandisa maseketi.
Bvunzo yechitatu ndiko kuongorora kwekupedzisira kune avo vakatadza kupasa miviri yekutanga. Vazhinji vavhoterwa vakatadza kurova chinangwa nekuti maseketi airambidzwa nepo varimi mumisha midiki vasina nzvimbo dzakakwana dzekupfura kuti vadzidze.
Pamusoro ndiyo yekutanga karati yekunyora chikamu che Nguyen chigaro, iyo yaiitirwa muguta guru kuzopa mubairo vo cu nhan degree (karu yemhanza bachelor. Muna 1848, i gore rekutanga reTu Duc, mirairo yekuongorora yakashandurwa. Vavhoti havana kuenda kunyora bvunzo nhatu dzakateerana asi mumwe nemumwe wavo. Kana vakundikana chero cheiyo vatatu, ivo vaisatenderwa kuongororwa mumamwe minda.
Mu yechitatu yeTu Duc (1850), maitiro ekuongororwa akachinjwazve. Vabvunze vakapinda bvunzo mbiri dzekutanga dzakateerana. Kana vakagamuchira zviyero zvakakwira, vaitenderwa kutora wechitatu bvunzo ndokufunga kufambiswa. Mwaka wekutanga weTu Duc (1851), mambo akaisa bvunzo mbiri, Vo hoi thi uye Vo dien thi, ipapo thi Dinh. Dai vakwikwidzi vaive ruzivo rwemuchato, vaigona kunyoresa cu nhan vo (karati kwemaoko bachelor bvunzo. Dai vaive vasinganyatso kuverenga asi vakapasa bvunzo dzeongororo, dzaitarisirwa yechipiri-chinzvimbo chete. Kana vakanyoreswa, vanyoreri vanogona kunge vaine bvunzo dzemuromo ne mibvunzo mishanu on Mabhuku mana, Mauto Classics uye zvinyorwa zvemauto ane mukurumbira munguva yakapfuura neyazvino. Dai vaigona kupindura zvakapusa, vaitenderwa kutora thi dinh. Mubairo weavavavaizokwenenzverwa kwaive dien ban yen (kudiwa kwamambo) uye kupihwa bhiza vinh quy bai kuti (kudzoka kumba kunopa kutenda kuna madzitateguru mushure mekuwana rukudzo rwekudzidza) (Mufananidzo 4), zvakafanana nemabhuku thi dinh. Paive neyekuveza kwaHenri Oger muna 1908-1909 achirondedzera doctorate nekurapa kwakasarudzika panguva Nguyen Dzinza. Pano, pikicha haina kuratidza mufananidzo we "Ngựa ông đi trước, võng nường theo sau"(mwenga mudiki aive akatasva mu palandquin inotungamirwa nemurume wake akatasva bhiza).
Isu tinoziva mufananidzo wa vanachiremba kugara pamba pakutanga kwezana remakore, apo yenyika yeChina akatanga kudzikira saka vaingopihwa chete mureza, bhodhi, bhiza, uye parasol.
Nzvimbo yekuongorora
Nzvimbo yekubvunzisisa yaive nyika isina munhu, yakakomberedzwa ne fenzi ye bamboo; kwaive nedzimba dzevarindi vane mireza pamakona mana; kunze kwakange kwakapinza tsotso bamboo kudzivirira kupinda.
Iyo nzvimbo yekubvunzwa yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo ina huru inonzi vi (sub-nharaunda) ine mazita mana akasiyana ehunyanzvi: tri, ndove, tai, luc [trí, dũng, tài, lực] (huchenjeri, ushingi, iwe, simba. Pamberi peumwe neumwe vi yaive imba yemamita matatu kumusoro uye yaive nepfuti. Dzimba dzevarindi dzakange dziine mhanza dzekutarisa nzvimbo dzese dzekubvunzwa. Pazasi pemakamuri emakamuri ekuvhotesa kuti vazorore. Isu hatisi kuona iwo mufananidzo weimba yemahara ebvunzo dzehondo yemuchakabvu asi H. Oger akatiratidza iyo tende rekubvunzurudza bvunzo dzezvinyorwa (Mufananidzo 5).
Pakupedzisira, the chinhu chinong [thi hương] (bvunzo yenyika) yakaitwa kuti isarudze huwandu hwakaringana hwehondo yemitambo.
Zvisinei, vashoma chete ndivo vakanyoresa kuti vanyorese tao si [tạo sĩ] zita saka mambo akatadza kubata thi hoi [thi hội] (kuongorora kwekuguta. Naizvozvo, iyo bvunzo yakaitwa muguta guru Hue [Hue] chete. Uyezve, pakanga pasina vatongi vakakwana kuti vachengetedze bvunzo. Zvakare, vamwe vacho vaive nemweya wemapato. Ndokusaka Tao si [Tạo sĩ] Kuongororwa kwaingoitirwa vazukuru vehumambo. In Binh Dinh [Pacify] uye Hanoi [Hà Nội], pakanga pasina chinyorwa che tao si [tạo sĩ].
Kubva ipapo, thi hoi haigone kubatwa. Binh Dinh [Pacify] yakakurumbira zita rechinamato chechikoro chetsiva cu nhan [cử nhân], tao si [tạo sĩ].
Thi hoi [Thi hội] yakanga yakafanana ne chinhu chinong [thi hương] asi nehuremu hwakasiyana, makumi matanhatu nemakumi matatu emakirogiramu ehu huong uye makumi manomwe nemakumi mashanu emakirogiramu thi hoi [thi hội]. Kunze kweizvozvo, chinhambwe chekuremera uremu muhu huong chaive chakaenzana nemamita makumi masere nemakumi masere thi hoi [thi hội].
… Pfuurira mberi…
BAN TU THU
12 / 2019
ONA DZIMWE:
◊ RUGWARO RUTSORO uye MARI YEMABHUKU EVIETNAM - Chikamu 1
◊ RUGWARO RUTSORO uye MARI YEMABHUKU EVIETNAM - Chikamu 3