Tsika uye Arts yenguva - 15th century

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Prof TAN, HA VAN

    Nekugadzikana munharaunda mune gumi nemashanu^th zana, tsika uye hunyanzvi zvaive zvichikwanisa kuvandudza. The Lam Mwanakomana¹ kupandukira uye kusunungurwa kwakatevera kwenyika kwakakurudzira kusikwa kwezvinyorwa Nguyen Trai's² Binh Ngo Dai Cao (Kushambadzira pane Kukundikana kweMing. Izvi zvinoteedzerwa Ly Ter Tan's³ Xuong Giang Phu (Ode kuRwizi Xuong - iyo nzvimbo yehondo hombe yekurwisa Ming); Nguyen Mong Tuan's⁴ Lam Mwanakomana Giai Khi Phu (Ode kune iyo Salutary Mhepo yeGomo Lam Son) uye Nghia Ky Phu (Ode kune Banner yeRuramisiro), pamwe nemamwe mabasa mazhinji. Mambo Le Thanh Tong⁵ iye amene akanhonga dingindira rimwe chete mune rake Phu Lam Mwanakomana.

  Le Thanh Tong⁵, king-cum-mudetembi, yakabatsira zvikuru kukudziridzwa kwetsika. Akatanga Tao Dan⁶, imba yakanyorwa. Nhengo idzo makumi maviri neshanu dzakafananidzwa nenyeredzi makumi masere nematanhatu mudenga, uye dzakanzi ndiko kusikwa kweungano zhinji dzhetembo. Literature rakagadzirwa mumutauro weVietnamese unonzi nom,⁷, maererano neChina ideograms. Iyo script yakashandiswa mumabhuku mazhinji makuru ekunyora kusanganisira iyo Quoc Ndiri Thi Tap (Kuunganidzwa kweNhetembo murudzi rweNyika) ne Nguyen Trai ⁷ uye Hong Duc Quoc Am Thi Tap, muunganidzwa wenhetembo dzinodarika mazana matatu.

   Confucianism yakabata pesvedzero yakasimba, mune zvinyorwa uye zveunyanzvi. Muzana rese ramakore, vashoma chete maTembere echiBhudha uye stupas zvakavakwa, asi kuedza kwakabatanidzwa kwakamiswa muTang Long⁸ mukuremekedza Confucius, yakavakwa pachiyero chakakura uye nzvimbo dzakafanana dzakavakwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo zhinji dzenyika.

     Madzimambo aJehovha Re madzimba⁹ vese vaive nechido chekuwedzera zvivakwa zvitsva kuguta renyika. The palous of Kinh Thien¹⁰, Unogona Chinh¹¹ uye Van Tho¹² vakarairwa na Le Loi¹³ muna 1428. Ivava vakazojoina Hoi Anh¹⁴, Unogona Kutsausa¹⁵, Tucmg Quang¹⁶, Kim Chikwereti¹⁷, Thuy Ngoc¹⁸ uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvakanakisa.

    Maodzanyemba eguta mapuratifomu akasimudzwa. Pakati pavo Nam Giao¹⁹ uye Xa Tac²⁰, kwaiitwa mitambo yechitendero kazhinji yaiitirwa kukudza matenga, pasi. Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zve15^th chifananidzo chemakore chinosara nhasi mifananidzo yemakuva ekuviga vanhu nemhuka. Iwo anowanzove madiki, akavezwa akachekwa uye asina unyoro, hupenyu hwakafanana nehunhu hunoratidzira zvimedu pasi peLy neTran dynasties. Mamwe mabasa akavezwa, sekufamba nendege nhanho dzematombo akashongedzwa nemadhadha, vakatora chimiro chinoshamisa pavakangovakwa. Le dragons, sevaya vari Kinh Thien (Chikamu Chematarein Ha Noi citadel, dzakasiyana zvachose kubva kune dzakavezwa pasi pe Ly uye Pojat¹⁹. Dzine maziso anodzivira, nyanga dzinovengwa uye dzakapinza dorsal fins, uye dzakarongedzwa munzvimbo inowedzera kutyisa, ine foreleg imwe yakasimudzwa kubata ndebvu. Kazhinji, Le makava²⁰ tarisa semhembereko uye saka, wakasimba.

   Ceramics, kune rumwe rutivi, yakakura pasi pe Re madzimba. Kunyanya kukosha kwaive kuunzwa kwebhuruu glaze iyo ine dzakasiyana siyana dzekushongedza - makore, shato, phoenixes, chrysanthemums, shrimps, crabs, lotuses nemarimu maruva - zvakavezwa mumhando dzakasiyana pamuchena mutsvuku. Hunhu hwakashinga kurohwa kwegwenzi kwakapa mhedzisiro yekupedzisira mhando yehunyanzvi.

The 15^,h Zana ramakore rakaratidzira kukamuraniswa kwakapinza mukuita kwenziyo. Mudare, yaitongwa nemitemo yakaoma uye ikava tsika uye tsika dzechivanhu.

   Simba reiyo Ming²¹ akanzwika zvine simba mudare. Zvichakadaro, varaidzo yakakurumbira - tuong (classical opera), akatanga (opera inozivikanwa) uye mimhanzi yevamwari yakaramba ichitapa vatambi.

    Dare rakaedza nemaune kumisa varaidzo inozivikanwa. Mambo Sravana Sameeralu Serial XNUMXth Le Thai Tong⁵ muna 1437 akarambidzwa chco kubva Vadivelu Comedy Thai Mieu²², tembere yakakumikidzwa kunamadzitateguru ake. Mambo Le Nhan Tong²³, paakabhadharira Lam Kinh muna 1448, akakwaziswa neboka remajaya nemhandara vakaita kutamba kunotamba Rt Ren²⁴ mavaitevedzera kutanha maruva nekuasokerera mumakorona. Pakati pechikamu chekutamba bhendi dzimwe nguva vaiyambuka makumbo uye nekudaro vakapomedzerwa hunhu nevashandi vamambo.

   Pasinei nemirairo nemirairo yese, nzira dzakakurumbira dzevaraidzo dzakagadziriswa dzisina kudzikiswa.

ZVINYORWA:
¹  Lam Mwanakomana … Inogadziridza…

BAN TU THU
5. 2020

CHERECHEDZA:
◊ Kunobva: Kugadzirwa kweVietnam. Ha Van Tan. thegioipubhekwas.vn, 2018. Mufananidzo; wikimapia.org.
◊ Zvese zvinyorwa uye zvakaratidzwa sepia chifananidzo chakagadzwa neBAN TU THU - gvanevachar.com.